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a CONTENTS a ‘Page 18. A Tainan ean or A Lear Hopper wirm Descrir- i or RELATE tHE Same Host Genus— ThA, ay aa fe PED asi yeep Ces a. us a oS ‘1,
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-POLYCHAETA ean SOUTHERN nal C. Berkeley DEL citi on abr etre an ht tat. ELE
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Southern California Academy of Sciences
VV OFFICERS and DIRECTORS Dr. Can. S. Knope - - - - - - ~ =) -°- = = President Mr. Homer WHITE - - - - - - - - . First Vice-President Dr. Forp A. CARPENTER - - - - - - Second Vice-President DR. JOHN A. COMSTOCK Sein =) oa Secretary and Treasurer Dr. Forp A. CARPENTER Mr. WitiiaM A. SPALDING Dr. JoHN A. COMSTOCK Dr. R. H. Swift Mr. SAMUEL Moopy Haskins Mr. FreD E. BURLEW Dr.HowarpR.Hnt ~—C Mr. Homer WHITE Dr. Cart S. KNOPF Mr. THEODORE PAYNE VY,
; ADVISORY BOARD Dr. CHESTER STOCK Dr. W. DwicuT Pierce
Dr. H. J. ANDREWS Mr. R. S. WocLuM Pog Aare es
BOTANICAL SECTION Mr. THEODORE Payne, Secretary ARCHEOLOGICAL SECTION Dr. Car S. KNopF Dr. R. H. Swift FINANCE COMMITTEE Mr. WILLIAM A. SPALDING Mr. SAMUEL Moopy HASKINS PROGRAM COMMITTEE Dr. HowAarp R. Hitt, Chairman _Dr. Jonn A. Comstock Dr. Car S. KNOPF VY COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION Mr. Wriiiam A. Spatpine, Chairman Dr. Joun A. Comstock vv ,
OFFICE OF THE ACADEMY _ Los Angeles County Museum, Exposition Park, Los Angeles, Calif.
LIBRArw NEW yc BOTANIC
GARDE,
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE LOS ANGELES MUSEUM -CHANNEL ISLANDS BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
ica eee PE STPLEROUS PARASITE OF A LEAF HOP- Pek oe DESCRIPTIONS OF RELATED SPECIES FROM THE SAME HOST GENUS
By W. DwicuT PIERCE
On West Anacapa Island, Sta. Barbara Co., California, on August 21, 1940, George P. Kanakoff took a green leaf hopper, Xerophloea vanduzeei Lawson, which was found to be parasitized by two male pupae of a new parasite belonging to the genus Diozocera Pierce (1911), which is now transferred to the family Halictophagidae Pierce (1908), superfamily Halictophagoidea Pierce (1908), order Strepsiptera Kirby (1813).
There are a number of interesting points to discuss before considering the technical descriptions.
1. The host genus Xerophloea Germar (1839) contains flat- headed, green leaf hoppers, and belongs to the subfamily Gyponinae Ashmead (1890), family Cicadellidae VanDuzee (1916), of the order Homoptera (DeGeer) Westwood (1840). The genus has been monographed by P. B. Lawson in Pan-Pacific Entomologist 7(4) :159-164, and contains 13 species very closely related, separated by very superficial characters; which were until recently all considered to be one species X. viridis (Fabricius
1794).
2. The fact that we can find specific differences in the para- sites indicates that there are distinct species of XNerophloea.
3. The genus Xerophloea, and its parasites of the genus Diozocera are very widely distributed across North America, in the West Indies and South America. This would indicate an ancient relationship, and also that there are probably many more parasites to be found.
4. We can now differentiate three distinct species of Diozocera.
5. Due to a faulty specimen the genus Diozocera was in- correctly described, and its name is now meaningless, even though under the International Rules we must continue to use it. The family Diozoceridae being based upon this faulty diagnosis is no longer needed, and the genus is transferred to the family Halictophagidae, which is composed entirely of leaf hopper parasites.
6. A careful correlation study of the structure of the male cephalotheca, or head cap of the puparium, which is the last larval head, proves some very interesting points in the morphology of the insect head, at least the head in the pupariate orders.
a. The gnathocephalon area, which includes mouth opening, mandibles, and maxillae, is definitely the terminal segment, for it is completely surrounded by the procephalon of Crampton, which includes the eyes, antennae, genae and mentum, This fact has been overlooked in my previous descriptions of males and male cephalothecae. In the genus Diozocera this fact is clearer than in the other genera and families, but is nevertheless the rule for all Strepsiptera known to me.
b. Crampton (1935) in his Principles of Insect Morphology (pp. 100-104) considers the procephalon as the terminal segment, and the gnathocephalon as between the procephalon and_ pro- thorax. The present study indicates that the gnathocephalon is composed of a dorsal sclerite with mandibles, and a ventral sclerite with maxillae, with the mouth opening between. The “procephalon” is the second segment, with the dorsal sclerite bearing labrum, and antennae; the pleural sclerite the eves; the ventral sclerite the mentum and its appendages (labium) which are absent in the Strepsiptera. The labium is therefore a part of the venter of procephalon.
c. A study of many of Crampton’s figures indicates that such an interpretation can also apply to Coleoptera and Orthop- tera, but in these orders the gnathocephalon integuments are internal. Certainly in the Rhynchophora the gnathocephalon is terminal to the procephalon.
d. In my 1936 paper, The Position of the Strepsiptera in the Classification of Insects (Ent. News. 47 :257-263) I showed numerous linkages between the Strepsiptera, Diptera, Coccoptera and Aicmodoptery: the pupariate orders. Another linkage can now be added. Outside of this group I do not know of any cases in which the gnathocephalon tissues are external. But in the Pyrgotidae, as illustrated by Curran (1934) in North American Diptera, p. 269, the gnathocephalon area is almost an exact pic- ture of the same area in Diozocera, except that the mouthparts are internal, The Dipterous family Nymphomyidae, which has so many structures resembling Strepsipterous structures, leaves no doubt whatever that the gnathocephalon is terminal to the procephalon, as shown in Tokunaga’s (1935) figures in Philip- pine Journal of Science 56(2) :127-214.
e. Setting aside therefore all previous descriptions of the male cephalotheca as far as terminology is concerned, we can now describe the present species in complete accord with the general morphological terminology used by Crampton,
9 “a
The clear area containing mandibles and maxillae and mouth opening is the gnathocephalon. The heavier chitinized area com- pletely surrounding this is the procephalon.
The gnathocephalon is bounded dorsally by a straight suture between the eyes, which is medianly arched. The arched portion is truly epistomal suture. Crampton calls the suture between the parietals and gnathocephalon the subgenal suture, and divides it into pleurostomal suture dorsal to the mandibles, and hypostomal suture ventral to the mandibles. To be more exact in this case we may call the entire suture between the eyes epistomal suture, as it is above the mouth, with the median arch as the frontal arch; the continuation of this margining the eyes as pleurostomal suture ; and the posterior margin the hypostomal suture; with the large process into gnathocephalon, the mentum.
This area includes five differentiated parts: a pair of man- dibles, which apparently are functional; a pair of maxillary rudi- ments; and a median plate immediately above the mouth and below the frontal arch, the exposed part of the pharynx, which we will for the present call the pharyngeal plate. The edge of the mouth opening lies between this and the tip of the mentum,
The procephalon is transverse, almost straight on dorsal edge; broadly rounded at sides, convex ventrally; and the whole cephalotheca is evenly rounded dorso-ventrally. The dorso-pari- etal zone lies between the eyes above the epistomal suture, and includes the antennal rudiments, and a subtriangular median frontal zone indicated by fine punctures, and the remainder may be called vertex. The eye zones are lateral, nonfunctional, bor- dered exteriorly by the genal area which passes ventrad behind the hypostomal suture, and merges into the decapitated pyramidal mentum, An occipital suture defines a very narrow occipital zone beginning opposite the posterior tips of the gnathocephalon, and enclosing the vertex. In conformity with Crampton’s nomen- clature, the posterior continuation of the occipital zone, which is not marked off by a suture, but is a little lighter in color than the mentum, can be called the submentum. This area is anteriorly truncate and posteriorly arcuate.
GeNus Diozocera Pierce (1911) redefined. Dioxocera Pierce (1908). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 9 (1-4) :76, 81. Error in transcription, (1909). Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 66:163. Error repeated. Diozocera Pierce (1911). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40 (1834) :504. Correction.
This change was ratified by Opinion of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, in Opinion 36, July
nal
The genus was described from a male extracted from its puparium in the host, and was not in good condition, apparently having 2-branched antennae, and 3-jointed tarsi, and was con- sequently made the type of the family Diozoceridae Pierce (1911). A restudy of the type by E. A. Chapin indicates that the terminal joints of the antennae are missing. We can now consider the genus as true Halictophagid, on account of the new
Anacapa species.
The single species was parasitic on Verophloea viridis (sens. lat.) in Grenada and St. Vincent.
In order to better describe the new Anacapa specimens, the writer has restudied the paratypes in his personal collection, and is depositing all specimens herein described, in the collection of the Los Angeles Museum.
Generic description:
Halictophagidae: parasites of the Gyponine genus Xero- phloea, having eight jointed antennae, with five flabellated joints ; and three jointed tarsi. Male head more or less enclosing laterally the prothorax and mesothorax; prescutum and scutellum separ- ated by folds of scutum.,
Dr10zocERA INSULARUM (Pierce 1908) Pierce (1911). Ghigunes aos)
Dioxocera insularum Pierce (1908). Diozocera insularum Pierce (1911).
For comparison with the other species the cotype slides were restudied.
Cotype Female. Grand Ance (South End) Grenada, B.W.L., from @ Nerophloea viridis (sens. lat.). Cephalothorax trans- verse, rounded from base to apex, with margin broken by man- dibles at apical angles. Breadth 0.2805 mm.; width of trans- verse slit 0.187 mm.; breadth at outer mandibular angles 0.187 mm.; distance between mandibles 0.085 mm.; length from spiracles to apex 0.204 mm.; from transverse slit to apex 0.1445 mm.; from mouth opening to apex 0.0425 mm. Ratio of breadth to length 1.37:1; ratio of breadth at spiracles to distance between mandibles 3.3:1. The mandibles are transverse, with a round outer angle, and sharp recurved tooth at inner angle (fig. 1); length 0.034 mm., breadth 0.0425 mm. Transverse slit rounding quadrate. Spiracles lateral.
D10zoCERA INSULARUM var. VINCENTI new subspecies.
(Bigs) 2.72 1415.)
Type Female: St. Vincent, B.W.I., from @ Xerophloea viridis Fabr, (sens. lat.), H. H. Smith coll. Cephalothorax
4
breadth 0.272 mm.; width of transverse slit 0.2295 mm.; breadth at outer mandibular angles 0.170 mm.; distance between mandi- bles 0.102 mm.; length from spiracles to apex 0.204 mm.; from transverse slit to apex 0.136 mm.; from mouth opening to apex 0.034 mm, Ratio of breadth to length 1.33:1; ratio of breadth at spiracles to distance between mandibles 2.66:1. (Fig. 2.)
This specimen differs enough from the Grenada specimen to require a subspecies name until such time as large series either demonstrate its specificity, or that both fall within the range of variation of a single species.
Cotype Male cephalotheca: In the same host were two ¢ puparia, the cephalothecae differing in size. They measure re- spectively as follows: Cephalotheca breadth 0.731 and 0.646 mm. ; length 0.408 and 0.391 mm.; length of epistomal suture 0.408 and 0.374 mm.; greatest width of gnathocephalon 0.510 and 0.4675 mm.; ratio of width to epistomal suture 1.25:1 in both cases. Diagonal distance from epistomal-pleurostomal angle to anterior angle of mentum 0.170 and 0.136 mm. ; width of mentum at apex 0.068 and 0.068 mm.; at base 0.323 and 0.272 mm. Distance between mandibles; outer points of condyles 0.306 and 0.272 mm.; inner points 0.119 and 0.119 mm.; width of mandibles 0.051 and 0.0425 mm. Distance between maxillae 0.170 and 0.170 mm, Distance between antennae, outer margins 0.357 and 0.323 mm. ; between inner margins 0.238 and 0.2295 mm.; ratio of these measurements 1.4:1 and 1.5:1. Distance from most remote point on hypostomal margin to lateral angle of frontal arch 0.255 and 0.255 mm. Distance from epistomal-pleurostomal angle to men- tum through center of maxilla 0.1445 and 0.153 mm. Ratio of these last two measures of the gnathocephalon 1.66:1 and 1.76:1.
Antennae diagonal, elliptical. Mandibles darker than sur- rounding area, with round prominence and acute inner tooth (fig. 7). Maxillae oblique. Mentum strongly constricted just before apex to width of pharyngeal tube. Pharyngeal plate trans- verse elliptical, clear,
The outline of the mentum is quite different in the three species as may be seen from the photomicrographs (figs. 14, 15).
Dr10ZOCERA ARGENTINAE, new species. (Figs. 3, 8, 10 11).
Described from one male cephalotheca, and an imperfect female from a leaf hopper, which was determined, perhaps incor- rectly as Nerophloea viridis Fabr., from Carcarana, Argentina, collected by Lawrence Bruner.
Male cephalotheca: breadth 0.807 mm.; length 0.467 mm. Length of epistomal suture, or anterior width of gnathocephalon 0.408 mm.; greatest width of gnathocephalon 0.561; ratio of the second to the first 1.37:1. Diagonal distance from epistomal-
= a)
> width of mentum at apex 0.102 mm., and at base 0.425 mm, Distance between mandibles, outer points of condyles 0.306 mm.; inner points 0.119 mm.; width of mandible 0.051 mm. Distance be- tween maxillae 0.1785 mm. Distance between antennae, outer margin 0.340 mm., inner margin 0.238 mm.; ratio 1.42:1. Distance from most remote point on hypostomal margin to lateral angle of frontal arch 0.289 mm.; distance from epistomal-pleurostomal angle to mentum through center of maxilla 0.187 mm.; ratio of these two dimensions of gnathocephalon 1.54:1.
pleurostomal angle to anterior angle of mentum 0.170 mm. ;
The front is faintly suggested by tiny punctures. The an- tennae are obliquely elliptical with a cluster of tiny punctures in an elliptical zone in the outer posterior sector. Mandibles yellow, with a round prominence, and sharp inner recurved tooth (fig. 8.) Maxillae oblique, elliptical with an inner ring, indicating second segment. Pharyngeal plate chitinized, wider than long in the proportion 7:5; margin of mouth opening minutely crenu- late. Mentum convexly rounded, short of mouth opening, ex- posing the apex of the more constricted pharyngeal tube. (Figs.
Sr10) i)
Female: The female is in two fragments, but otherwise perfectly describable. Cephalothorax transverse, obtusely angled at apical angles and also at apex. Breadth 0.374 mm.; width of transverse slit 0.154 mm.; breadth at out apical angles 0.255 mm. ; distance between mandibles 0.102 mm, Length from spiracles to apex 0.2295 mm.; from transverse slit to apex 0.1785 mm.; dis- tance from base of mouth opening to apex 0.0595 mm. Ratio of breadth at spiracles to distance between mandibles 3.66:1. Ratio of breadth to length 1.6:1. The mandibles are on apical margin but not at apical angles, transverse, blunt, sharply con- cave in middle with acute tooth (fig. 3); length 0.034 mm., breadth 0.0399 mm. Mouth opening broadly oval, Transverse slit broadly arcuate, slightly angulate posteriad at middle. Spiracles ventral. Immediately behind the transverse slit the body is greatly enlarged to fit into the host.
This species differs from D. insularum very distinctly by the angulate form of the cephalothorax ; the position of the mandibles in the female; the mandibles, and the shape of the mentum and gnathocephalon in the male cephalotheca.
D10zOCERA COMSTOCKI, new species. (Figs. 5, 6, 9, 12, 13)
Named in honor of my friend and associate Dr. John Adams Comstock, Director of Science of the Los Angeles Museum, under whose direction the Channel Islands Survey is being con- ducted,
Described from two male pupae in the first and last segments of a 9 Nerophloea vanduzeei Lawson taken on West Anacapa
6
Bull. So. Calif. Ac. Sci., vol. xt, part 1, 1941 Strepsiptera—W. D. Pierce
PLATE 1
For explanation of figures, see page 10.
Island, August 21, 1940, under Atriplex semibaccata, by Georze P. Kanakoff.
Male: One pupa is so far advanced that the male dorsal characters are clearly seen through the pupal skin. The other pupa is too young. Head broad, transverse. Antennae with five flabellations, about equal in length. Pronotum a transverse disk completely enclosed by head and mesothorax. Mesonotum ap- pears to be composed of a transverse prescutum, a divided scutum, and transverse scutellum. The metathorax consists of a keystone-like prescutum, which is narrowly separated from the scutellum by a bridge uniting the large lateral scutal sclerites. The scutellum is basally widest, with a narrow projection to the posterior wing attachment; in front of this the sides are parallel for a short distance and then rapidly oblique to the rounded apex. The postlumbium is about half the length of scutellum, of thinner texture, and closely minutely granulate. The postscu- tellum is with the postlumbium as long as the anterior portion of the methathorax.
On the sternum each segment is divided by a median line.
Male cephalotheca. Breadth 0.7735 mm. and 0.7565 mm.; length 0.408 mm. and 0.442 mm. Length of epistomal suture, or anterior width of gnathocephalon 0.3995 mm. and 0.391 mm.; greatest width of gnathocephalon 0.527 mm. and 0.5355 mm.; ratio of the second to the first measurement 1.31:1 and 1.36:1. Diagonal distance from epistomal-pleurostomal angle to anterior angle of mentum 0.170 mm. and 0.1615 mm.; width of mentum at apex 0.102 mm, and 0.102 mm.; and at base 0.323 mm. and 0.340 mm. Distance between mandibles, outer points of condyles 0.323 mm. and 0.3145 mm.; inner points of condylyes 0.102 mm. and 0.102 mm.; width of mandibles 0.051 mm. and 0.051 mm. Distance between maxillae 0.187 mm. and 0.187 mm. Distance between antennae, outer margins 0.374 mm. and 0.357 mm., inner margins 0.255 mm. and 0.221 mm.; ratio 1.45:1 and 1.61:1. Dis- tance from most remote point on hypostomal margin to lateral angle of frontal arch 0.2805 mm. and 0.289 mm.; distance from epistomal-pleurostomal angle to mentum through center of max- illa 0.1615 mm. and 0.153 mm.; ratio of these measurements of gnathocephalon 1.73:1 and 1.88:1.
Antennae diagonal, suboval, truncate at inner end; central zone with cluster of pores. Mandibles orange color with dark brown condyles, armed with acute curved tooth on inner angle (fig. 9). Maxillary area slightly darker, oblique, with concentric rings. Mentum divided into two zones, a broad basal zone with sides subparallel for one-third the length, thence strongly diag- onal; anterior zone sharply separated from basal by concave dark zone, margins less distinct; a quadrate area darker, reaching mouth opening. Pharyngeal area hemispherical and of different color from all other areas, gray brown. The frontal area is marked by two roughened zones (figs. 12, 13).
8
Bull. So. Calif. Ac. Sci., vol. XL, part 1, 1941.
10
PLATE
2)
a
Sterepsiptera—W. D. Pierce
; <7 Tre :
For explanation of figures, see page 10.
SSS eS ee
D10z0CERA COMSTOCKI ELSEGUNDINIS, new subspecies (Clatiyes, 4h IMG), I)
Until such time that we have both sexes from the type locali- ties we cannot be positive that the female described below belongs with the males described from Anacapa Island, hence for safety it is necessary to give this subspecific name.
Described from one female extracted from the last segment of a female Xerophloea vandugseet on Franseria bipinnatifida, collected by W. Dwight Pierce, on the El Segundo sand dunes, Hoseangeles Gon Cals) ulyel3. 1938:
Female: Cephalothorax breadth 0.340 mm.; width of trans- verse slit 0.272 mm.; breadth at outer mandibular angles 0.221 mm.; distance between mandibles 0.119 mm, Length from spiracles to apex 0.221 mm.; from transverse slit to apex 0.187 mm.; from mouth opening to apex 0.051 mm. Ratio of breadth to length 1.54:1; ratio of breadth at spiracles to distance between mandibles 2.85 :1.
The specimen was broken at left anterior corner (fig. 16). The mandibles have a rounded outer angle and sharp recurved tooth at inner angle (fig. 4). The abdominal skin is minutely, densely covered with conical transparent papillae, interspersed with many dark cylindrical setigerous tubercles; these measuring 0.015 mm. in length by 0.012 mm. breadth, and the setae measure 0.06 mm. in length (figs. 16, 17).
ILLUSTRATIONS
Plate 1: Fig. 1. Mandible of 2 Diozocera insularum from Grenada. Mandible of 9 D. insularum vincenti from St. Vincent. Mandible of 9 D. argentinae from Argentina. Mandible of 9 D. comstocki elsegundinis from El] Segundo, Cal. Dorsum of ¢ pupa of D. comstocki from Anacapa Isl., Cal. Dorsum of ¢ puparium of D. comstockt. Mandible of ¢ cephalotheca of D. insularum vincenti from St.
Vincent. 8. Mandible of ¢ cephalotheca of D. argentinae from Argentina. 9. Mandible of ~ cephalotheca of D. comstocki.
€
bo
Anon FP w
Plate 2: Fig. 10. Cephalotheca of ¢ D. argentinae. 11. Enlargement of face of ¢ cephalotheca of D. argentinae. 12. Cephalotheca of ¢ D. comstocki. 138. Enlargement of face of ¢~ cephalotheca of D. comstocki. 14. Cephalotheca of ¢ D. insularum vincenti. Enlargement of face of ¢~ cephalotheca of D. i. vincenti. 16. Anterior portion of 9 D. comstocki elsegundinis. 17. Enlargement of portion of fig. 16 marked by arrow to show tubercles. 18. Anterior portion of 9 D. insularum.
10
19 “CDE NUCHA. BRUNNEA Stretch, ON SANTA ROSA ISLAND
By Joun A. Comstock and CHartes M. DAMMERS
A number of larvae of the Arctiud moth, Ctenucha brunnea were taken on Wild Rye, in Ranch Canyon, Santa Rosa Island, by Mr. Chris Henne, during the twelfth expedition of the Channel Islands Biological Survey of the Los Angeles County Museum. They were collected April 1, 1941, and were reared to maturity in the Museum laboratory. No life history notes were made owing to the fact that the authors of this paper had previously compiled the data as hereinafter recorded.
In June, 1933, Mr. M. L. Walton supplied a number of eggs which were secured from gravid females taken in Griffith Park, Los Angeles.
The eggs are laid in a group on Elymus L. The egg is hemi- spherical, pale lemon-white in color, with a concave base.
The young larvae took readily to Johnson Grass, and were raised on both this and Wild Rye.
Larva; Ist instar. Length, extended 3/16”. Body ground color, pale yellowish buff. There is a narrow mid-dorsal line, ranging in color from a pale maroon to a grey. A dorso-lateral band of silver-white runs longitudinally, and a stigmatal line of the same lustrous character is present.
Six longitudinal rows of hair tufts occur on each side, ar- ranged as shown on Fig. A of Plate 3. Each tuft arises from a brown tubercle. Each tuft in the uppermost three rows 1s com- posed of several short white hairs and a single long brown hair. Those of the three lower rows contain white hairs only.
Spiracles, black. Abdomen, concolorous with body. Legs, colorless, with brown points. Prolegs, colorless, with pale brown crochets.
2nd instar. Length, extended 5%.” The ground color of the body is greyish. The dorso-lateral band is yellow-ochre, and the lateral line is soiled white. The hairs in all of the tufts are in- creased in number.
In the 3rd instar the larva assumes the color of the mature larva.
Mature larva. Length, extended 11%”.
Ground color of body, pale slate-grey. Muid-dorsal band, dark grey. A narrow lemon-white band occurs sub-stigmatally.
All of the tufts are composed of pale buff hairs. The tips of the hairs on the three upper rows are pale brown. The tufts that are placed sub-stigmatally are very small. All tufts arise from dark yellow raised tubercles. On the third and eleventh segments the uppermost half of the 2nd tufts on each side are dark brown, and are joined together giving the appearance of a
11
ee ee Se
single central dark brown tuft, as will be noted in Fig. B of laters: Spiracles, black. Abdomen, pale slate-grey. Legs, brown, with lighter joints. Prolegs, soiled white, with brown crochets. Head, dull yellow, with brown mouth parts. Ocelli, brown,
and completely ‘obscured by long buff hairs arching over from the first two segments.
Two very long pale brown hairs arise from the top of the third segment, and similar paired hairs also occur on the top of the eleventh and caudal segments.
Pupation takes place on the food plant in a loosely woven silken cocoon, in which the larval hairs are incorporated. All of the larvae pupated between August 15th and Sept. 15, 1933.
Pupa. Length,
Ground color, bright chestnut. The fore-half of each seg- ment has a broad, irregular brown-black band. The thorax and head are marked with brown-black bands, stripes and blotches as shown on Fig. C of Plate 3. On the wing cases these brown- black markings tend to follow the lines of the veins. The leg sheaths are lined in the same manner.
Minute short colorless hairs are grouped in bunches on the body.
Imagos began hatching on Sept. 3, 1933, and continued to emerge for some time thereafter. Several pairs from this hatch copulated, and continued mating and remating for some time. The females made no attempt to oviposit until the sexes were separated. The resultant eggs from these matings began hatching Sept. 22, 1933. Whether these larvae would have perished, or gone on to maturity was not ascertained.
PLATE 3
Larva and pupa of Ctenucha brunnea. a. Larva, first instar, enlarged x 8. b. Mature larva, enlarged x 2%. c. Pupa, lateral aspect, enlarged x 2. Reproduced from painting by C, M. Dammers.
12
DISTRIBUTION OF ARTIFACTS BY NATURAL MEANS
ARTHUR WooDWARD
Director of History, Los Angeles County Museum
Occasionally archeologists encounter stray arrow points or spear heads on sites which are apparently not indigenous to the area in which they are found. The most frequent explanation of such sports are that they are “trade pieces”. No doubt many specimens were transported by primitive traders from one tribe to another over long distances, but this explanation does not cover all aspects of the situation.
im@eNovember 1933. Mr. i) C. Barnard of Los Angeles brought into my office in the Los Angeles County Museum, a bone arrow head 9% inches in length, of Eskimo origin, which he had obtained from the breast of a mallard duck at Hank’s Duck Club about 40 miles north of Bakersfield. The missile was of the type used by the Eskimo living at the mouth of the Copper- mine River, Canada. It had entered the bird at the lower edge of the breast and lay lengthwise in the flesh. A cystoid growth, which ornithologists estimated had taken about one year to form, encased the point. Hence, it would appear that this arrow had been. discharged at the mallard by an Eskimo hunter from the rear, a year, or more, previously, as the bird was about to rise from the water. The short wooden shaft had been shaken loose of the sinew wrappings of the bone point, and the bird had sur- vived until shot down in southern California.
This first hand bit of evidence of the transportation of arrow heads by game birds in modern times caused me to wonder if similar occurrences might not have been recorded in previous years,
A search of orthodox anthropoligacal literature failed to reveal any papers on the subject, although one finds items, par- ticularly in Plains Indian accounts, of buffalo being killed with arrows in them, Emigrants crossing the plains mention this fact. In such instances we cannot be certain of the provenience of the missiles imbedded in the flesh and bones of the animals, hence, aside from the fact that the animals have carried arrow heads and musket balls for years, there is no indication of the actual origin of such items,
I then examined files of old sporting magazines and found several references relating to this subject.
In the magazine Recreation for July, 1897, I encountered the to) s) J3 , first article referring to such an occurrence, thus:
13
A CURIOSITY
‘On October 20, 1871, a farmer living in Lake County, Indi- ana, shot a brant and on picking it up remarked to his companion that it must have ‘fallen on a snag’. Further examination revealed the fact that the supposed snag, which protruded from either side of the breast, was a bone arrow head, 9 inches in length and 58 of an inch in width. The brant had carried this weapon so long that 1t was firmly imbedded in bone and flesh as though nature had intended it as a part of the anatomical structure of the bird.
Where the arrow passed through the bone, a callous growth tightened about it and the skin was smoothly drawn where the ends were exposed to view. A strange part of the story is that the bone arrowhead is of Eskimo make, such as those people employ in bringing down birds and use nowhere outside of the Arctic regions.
This goes to prove that the bird was at one time a resident of that country. When shot by the Indiana farmer the brant was in fine condition and was the sturdy leader of a flock.
While the wound was not in a vital part it is likely that if the arrowpoint had been made of steel or other metal the bird would have died from blood poisoning.”
This brief item was accompanied by a black and white draw- ing of the breast bone of the bird perforated by the arrow head. Here then was an almost identical case which had been noted 62 years prior to the California incident. The arrowhead as illus- trated was virtually the same type in shape and length. See Plate 4.
Knowing that one such reminiscence usually calls for an-- other I searched further and in two subsequent issues of the same publication, I found other brief paragraphs recording simi- lar discoveries.
AS \ ‘YT WY) X YEN Zi \\\ ZN SX‘ \
: LN DNS S SSN LY
= Sse
BES
PLATE 4 Eskimo bone arrow head imbedded in breast bone of brant.
14
H. R. Gould of Tacoma, Washington, writing in the October 1897 issue of Recreation spoke of haying seen a brant brought to him by an Alaskan native which had a bone arrowhead thrust between the bones of the right wing of the bird. Gould did not mention the Alaskan locale of this find but the record is interest- ing in that it must have been found in an area where bows and arrows were not used, otherwise the discovery of such an artifact imbedded in a bird or animal would not have excited the curiosity of the native who found it.
A third instance was reported by A. S. Doane of Coinjock, North Carolina, in the November 1897 issue of the same maga- zine.
“2 swans were killed here, in the Currituck sound, a few years ago, each of which had a flint arrow-head embedded be- tween its shoulders and well covered with flesh, showing the missiles had been there for some time.”
No identification was made of the last two arrowheads but it is quite likely that they, too, were of Eskimo origin.
It must be remembered that these are only a few definitely recorded instances of missiles carried by birds, but when one considers the annual migrations of both birds and some of the larger game animals, particularly the buffalo, caribou, etc., and the abilities of such mammals as bear, elk, moose, deer, mountain lions, etc., to absorb either arrowheads or bullets without apparent loss of energy, the probability of the distribution of primitive chipped artifacts by this means must not be overlooked. This factor, I believe, should definitely be taken into consideration when seeking an answer to the sporadic discoveries of the Folsom type points which have been reported in different, widely separ- ated areas, unaccompanied by definite camp sites directly attri- buted to Folsom man.
Archeologists working on sites in the Plains area along the migration routes of the buffalo or, let us say on village sites located on ancient lake beds, or for that matter on any body of water which might be along the flyway of migratory game birds, should keep in mind this possibility of uncovering artifacts non- indigenous to the region in which they are working. Further re- search in this field is desirable. A study of the migratory habits of birds and mammals and an integration of archeological research with that of the mammologist and the ornithologist might produce some highly interesting results.
Le
ON A COLLECTION OF POLYCHAETA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
By E. and C. BERKELEY
At intervals during the past few years Prof. G. E. Mac- Ginitie, of the Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory, Corona Del Mar, California, has sent us specimens of Polychaeta collected by him in the vicinity of his laboratory, or at points not more than a few miles distant. This is the source of most of the material described in this paper. In addition some of the specimens were collected by Dr. MacGinitie at other localities in Southern California. Yet others by Dr. W. G. Hewatt, of the Texas Christian University, at Santa Cruz Island during the summer of 1939 and kindly sub- mitted by him to us for report. Forms taken both intertidally and by dredge are included. Notes indicating the depth of dredg- ing operations did not always accompany the specimens, but the depth is given in the following pages when known and the locality at which each species was collected is stated unless this was Corona Del Mar or the vicinity If no statement to the contrary appears the species under discussion in the notes which follow was collected intertidally.
The collection comprises 154 species. Thanks to the pioneer work of Johnson, Moore and Chamberlin and, more recently, to that of Treadwell, Hartman and others, the polychaete fauna of the Californian coast is fairly well known. Nevertheless the present collection contains 45 species, or varieties, new to the coast, of which 9 are new to science. Types of the new species and varieties are in the authors’ collection.
The following is a complete list of the species represented ; those we believe to be new to California are indicated by an asterisk :
APHRODITIDAE Aphrodite armifera Moore Aphrodite brevitentaculata Essenberg Aphrodite refulgida Moore
POYNOIDAE Lepidonotus coelorus Moore Thormora (Lepidonotus) johnstoni (Kinberg) Harmothoe imbricata (Linné) Harmothoe hirsuta Johnson *“Harmothoe lunulata (Delle Chiaje) *“Valmgrenia nigralba Berkeley Halosydna insignis Baird Halosydna johnsoni (Darboux) Lepidametria gigas (Johnson) Arctonoe vittata (Grube) Arctonoe pulchra (Johnson)
16
ACOETIDAE Panthalis pacifica Treadwell. *Polyodontes maxillosus Ranzani Peisidice aspera Johnson
SIGALIONIDAE *Sigalion ovigerum Monro *Psammolyce spinosa Hartman Sthenelais tertiaglabra Moore Sthenelais fusca Johnson *Sthenelanella atypica sp. nD.
CHRYSOPETALIDAE Chrysopetalum occidentale Johnson Paleanotus chrysolepis Schmarda
AMPHINOMIDAE Chloeia pinnata Moore Eurythoe paupera (Grube) EHurythoe sp.? Euphrosyne arctia Johnson EHuphrosyne hortensis Moore
PHYLLODOCIDAE Phyllodoce ferruginea Moore *Phyllodoce (Anaitides) madeirensis Langerhans Eumida sanguinea (Oersted)
SYLLIDAE Syllis armillaris Malmgren Syllis elongata (Johnson) *Syllis hyalina Grube *Syllis fasciata Malmgren *Syllis gracilis Grube *Trypanosyllis gemmipara Johnson Odontosyllis phosphorea Moore *Odontosyllis polycera (Schmarda) *Odontosyllis parva Berkeley
HESIONIDAE Podarke pugettensis Johnson *Loandalia fauveli sp. n.
NEREIDAE Nereis pelagica Linné Nereis callaona (Grube) Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne-Edwards), var. Agassizi Nereis pseudoneanthes Hartman Nereis neonigripes Hartman Nereis vexrillosa Grube Nereis procera Ehlers
NEPHTHYDIDAE Nepthys caecoides Hartman *Nephthys dibranchis Grube
SPHAERODORIDAE *Hphesia gracilis Rathke
GLYCERIDAE Hemipodia borealis Johnson Glycera capitata Oersted *Glycera gigantea Quatretages Glycera rugosa Johnson *Goniada maculata Oersted Glycinde armigera Moore
EUNICIDAE (LEODICIDAE)
Eunice biannulata Moore
Eunice siciliensis Grube *Hunice vittata (Delle Chiaje)
Eunice enteles Chamberlin
Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu) Rhamphobrachium longisetosum Berkeley Onuphis elegans (Johnson)
Onuphis eremita Audouin & Milne-Edwards *Onuphis eremita Audouin & Milne-Edwards var. parva var n. Onuphis irridescens (Johnson)
Onuphis nebulosa Moore
Diopatra ornata Moore
Diopatra californica Moore
Hyalinoecia tubicola (O. F. Miller) Lumobrinereis erecta Moore *Lumobrinereis iatreilli Audouin & Milne-Edwards Lumobrinereis impatiens Claparéde Lumobrinereis inflata Moore
*Lumbrinereis ligulata sp. n.
Drilonereis filum Claparéde
Arabella attenuata Treadwell
Arabella iricolor (Montagu)
*Arabella geniculata (Claparéde)
Arabella semimaculata Moore
*Dorvillea (Staurocephalus) rudolphii (Delle Chiaje)
ARICIIDAE *Aricia macginitli Sp. n. Haploscoloplos kerguelensis (McIntosh) Nainereis laevigata (Grube)
SPIONIDAE *Scololepis indica Fauvel Nerinides acuta (Treadwell) Laonice cirrata (Sars) Prionospio pinnata Ehlers *Polydora giardi Mesnil
CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopterus variopedatus Rénier *Vesochaetopterus rickettsii sp. n.
CIRRATULIDAE Cirriformia (Audouinia) tentaculata (Montagu) Cirriformia (Audouinia) luxwriosa (Moore) Tharyx syp.? *Chaetozone spinosa Moore var. corona var. n. Dodecaceria pacifica (Fewkes)
CHLORAEMIDAE Flabelligera commensalis Moore Stylarioides inflata (Treadwell) Stylarioides papillata (Johnson) Stylarioides plumosa (O. F. Miller) Stylarioides eruca (Claparéde)
SCALIBREGMIDAE Oncoscolex pacificus (Moore)
OPHELIIDAE Ophelia limacina (Rathke) Armandia brevis (Moore) Travisia gigas Hartman Travisia brevis Moore Polyophthalmus pictus (Dujardin)
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CAPITELLIDAE Notomastus giganteus Moore *Dasybranchus caducus Grube var. lumbricoides Monro
ARENICOLIDAE Arenicola cristata Stimpson
MALDANIDAE *OClymene (ELuclymene) grossa Baird var. newporti var. n. *Ariothella rubrocincta (Johnson) var. complera var. n. Asychis disparidentata Moore
AMMOCHARIDAE Ammochares fusiformis (Delle Chiaje)
SABELLARIIDAE Sabellaria californica Fewkes Sabellaria cementarium Moore *Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart var. alcocki Gravier
STERNASPIDAE Sternaspis fossor Stimpson.
AMPHICTENIDAE Pectinaria belgica (Pallas)
AMPHARETIDAE Ampharete arctica Malmgren Schistocomus hiltoni Chamberlin Amage anops (Johnson) Amphicteis gunneri (Sars) *Samytha bioculata Moore
TEREBELLIDAE
*Amphitrite cirrata (O. F. Miller) Terebella californica Moore Eupolymnia crescentis Chamberlin *Pista cristata (O. F. Miller) Pista alata Moore
Pista fratrella Chamberlin Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages) Terebellides stroemi Sars
Loimia montagui (Grube) *Streblosoma bairdi (Malmgren)
SABELLIDAE Demonaz leucaspis Kinberg Pseudopotamilla occelata Moore Branchiomma mushaensis Gravier *Branchiomma burrardum Berkeley *Branchiomma roulei Gravier *Myxicola aesthetica Claparéde Myxicola infundibulum Rénier Chone infundibuliformis Kroyer
SERPULIDAE Serpula vermicularis Linné Hydroides norvegica (Gunnerus ) Hydroides uncinata (Philippi) Salmacina dysteri (Huxley) var. tribranchiata (Moore) *Apomatus timsii Pixell *Protula tubularia (Montagu) Spirobranchus spinosus Moore *Orucigera websteri Benedict *Spirorbis marioni Caullery & Mesnil
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VAUD NE eT BUONPANE APHRODITE ARMIFERA Moore Moore, 1910, p. 371; Hartman, 1939a, p. 20. Aphrodite raripapillata Essenberg, 1917, p. 413.
Seven specimens, the largest of which is 38 mm. long, the smallest only 8 mm. Dredged in 5 to 17 fms.
The spurs on the ventral neurosetae are conspicuous in the smaller specimens, but in the larger ones they are less frequent and in some they are entirely absent. Otherwise the specimens agree closely with Moore’s description. A. raripapillata is differentiated from A. armifera by little but the absence of spurred ventral neurosetae and these are very readily overlooked. We regard the species as synonymous,
APHRODITE BREVITENTACULATA Essenberg Essenberg, 1917, p. 411.
A single specimen in which the palps are lacking. Dredged “off Balboa”.
APHRODITE REFULGIDA Moore Moore, 1910, p. 376; Hartman, 1939a, p. 23.
Six specimens dredged in 5 fms. The largest is about 37 mm. long, the smallest less than 10 mm.
FAMILY POLYNOIDAE LEPIDONOTUS COELORUS Moore Moore, 1903, p. 412; Hartman, 19384, p. 108, (with
synonymy ). Ten specimens. Two from holdfast of kelp, two dredged in Monterey Bay, (one in 50 to 60 fms., the other in 16 fms.), and
six from Santa Cruz Is. in 20 fms.
THoRMoRA (LEPIDONOTUS) JOHNSTONI (Kinberg) Monro, 1928a, p. 556; Hartman, 1939a, p. 50. Halosydyna lagunae Hamilton, 1915, p. 235.
Four specimens, two of. which are from Santa Cruz Is., agree exactly with Hamilton’s description of Halosydna lagunae, which is undoubtedly Thormora johnstoni. The genus Thormora 1s readily distinguished by the two types of notosetae. Monro records the species from Panama and gives good figures of the elytron and of both types of notosetae. As Hamilton points out, this species bears a very striking superficial resemblance to Halosydna insignis Baird.
HARMOTHOE IMBRICATA (Linné) Pativels 1923 aso5) Four specimens. Two dredged in 12 to 17 fms. off Corona Del Mar, have the almost smooth elytra and setae with reduced transverse ridges characteristic of the commensal form of this
20
species. One is heavily pigmented black and the other lightly brown. The other two, from Santa Cruz Is., one of them dredged in 15 fms., are of the normal non-commensal form,
HARMOTHOE HIRSUTA Johnson Johnson, 1897, p. 182; Monro, 1928a, p. 558; Hartman, WOISING soe Ale
Three specimens, one of them from Santa Cruz Is. The anterior eyes are large and, though situated laterally, they extend on to both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the prostomium. The large tubercles on the elytra are as Johnson and Hartman describe, only in the case of the first few pairs are they simple
and spine-like as figured by Monro (1928a, p. 559, fig. 8).
HARMOTHOE LUNULATA (Delle Chiaje) Fauvel, 1923, p. 70; McIntosh, 1900, p. 342.
One of the four examples agrees very closely with the de- scriptions of this species given by Fauvel and McIntosh. The other three, which were taken from tubes of Mesochaetopterus rickettsw n. sp., with which they were doubtless commensal, are smaller and differ in the following particulars:
1. The dorsal cirrus is very long, quite smooth and gently tapered,
2. The setae are all finer and softer than in the species or in any variety of it we know. The majority of the neuropodial setae are bidentate, only a few of the most dorsal of them have very fine simple tips. The notopodial setae are finer and softer than those of the neuropodium.
The general form of the setae in both rami is as McIntosh figures (1900, pl. 39, figs. 12 to 16).
On the basis of the differences enumerated the form com- mensal with Mesochaetopterus might well be regarded as a new variety of H. lunulata were it not undesirable to add yet another to the many varieties already recorded (see Fauvel, 1923, p. 72). The species is known to be a very variable one. Monro (1928a, p. 559) described the variety pacifica from the Panama region, but there seems to be no record of it further north in the Pacific area.
MALMGRENIA NIGRALBA Berkeley Berkeley, 1923, p. 213.
A single specimen, dredged in 5 to 15 fms. off Santa Cruz Is. Superficially this form resembles Harmathoe lunulata very closely, but that species has the lateral tentacles inserted ventrally, instead of sub-terminally as in the present form, and has not the distinct netting on the elytra which characterizes WW. nigralba.
HALosyDNA INSIGNIS Baird Moore, 1910, p. 329. Polynoe brevisetosa (Kinberg), Johnson, 1897, p. 167. Polynoe imsignis (Baird), Johnson, 1901, p. 387.
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Moore (1908 and 1910) has drawn attention to the great variability of this species in coloration, nature of elytra, form of dorsal cirrus, and other characters. We have ourselves com- mented on its near approximation, if not identity, with H. john- sont Darboux (= H. californica Johnson), elsewhere (1939, p. 325). Typically H. insignis is characterised by the possession of elytra heavily and irregularly marked with dark pigment, stout dorsal cirri abruptly constricted distally and ending in fine tips, neurosetae with simple hooks, and notosetae mostly curved and coarse, in contrast with H. johnsoni which, typically, has elytra with a netted groundwork and comparatively little pigmentation, slender and gradually tapering dorsal cirri, neurosetae with bifid tips, and notosetae mostly straight and fine,
The great majority of the large number of specimens in this collection (several of which are from Santa Cruz Is.) attributable to either of these species possessed the above characters in a variety of combinations. We have separated them according to the degree of agreement with one or other of the two types, but we believe the separation to be an artificial one and that all should be comprised within a single species. Only 7 out of some 50 specimens examined agreed in all particulars with H. insignis, whilst 4 had a majority of the characters of that species. The re- mainder had a majority of H. johnson: characters, but only 3 agreed in all particulars with that species.
In more southerly waters specimens agreeing in most, or all, particulars with H. johnsoni seem to be commoner than those agreeing more closely with H. insignis. In a collection from Mexico on which we recently (1939) reported all were of the former type. H. johnsoni has not been recorded, and does not seem to occur, off the coast of British Columbia or in more north- . erly waters. In this region complete, or very close, conformity with the H. insignis type is general. Both types are found both free living and as commensals, particularly with terebellids, They both tend to assume the same modifications, such as multiplication of segments and elytra, smoother and thinner elytra, less colora- tion, reduction or absence of notosetae, and neurosetae with much reduced transverse ridges, in the latter condition.
The evidence seems to point to a transition from the typical FH, insignis to the typical H. johnson proceeding from north to south along the west coast of North America, with a region in the neighborhood of Southern California characterised by a pre- dominance of intermediary types.
Ehlers (1901) identifies H. insignis Baird with H. pata- gonica Kinberg; Seidler (1923) and Hartman (1939s) return it to the species H. brevisetosa Kinberg, in which Johnson (1897) originally placed it.
22
HALOSYDNA JOHNSONI (Darboux) Hartman, 1938a, p. 34 (with synonymy).
This is by far the commonest polynoid in the collection and is represented by both the free-living and the commensal forms. Most of the specimens were taken in the intertidal zone, but some were dredged. Several are from Santa Cruz Is.
As we noted under H. insignis the majority of the specimens do not conform in all particulars with the type, only 3 out of 50 examples so conforming. Those ascribed to this species had a majority of H. johnsom characters, the other characters being those of H. insignis.
Prof. MacGinitie reports the species occurring as a com- mensal with Polynices lewisu, Kellettia kellettu, and Bursa cali- fornica, as well as with terebellids (usually Thelepus setosus Quatrefages ).
Johnson (1901) changed the specific name of this species from reticulata to californica on the ground that the former name was pre-occupied, Seidler (1923) returns it to reticulata; Monro (19284) also retains the older name. Hartman (19394) points out that Darboux substituted the specific name johnson: for reticulata earlier than Johnson’s revision,
LEPIDAMETRIA GIGAs (Johnson) Hartman, 19394, p. 47 (with synonymy); Berkeley, E. avianal {Co JUSS se Syn)
A single specimen. Commensal with Thelepus setosus Quatrefages.
ARCTONOE VITTATA (Grube) manman © 139K) pe E16 jand! 19394) “ps 230> (ith SVHONYVMY ).
Two specimens from Santa Cruz Is., dredged in 2 to 3 fms., have smooth, transparent, almost colorless, elytra with entire edge which nearly cover the dorsum. There is no pigment band across segments 7-8. One is about 15 mm, long and consists of 38 setigers. The other is incomplete.
The specimens do not fully agree with: the descriptions of Arctonoe vittata in that the dorsal cirri extend well beyond the ends of the setae, notosetae are well represented throughout the body, and a few of the bifid supra-acicular neurosetae, character- istic of the first setigers, persist to the end. Moreover, many of the hooks of the sub-acicular neurosetae, though of the form peculiar to Arctonoe, are distinctly fringed. We have encoun- tered the last two characters, though in a less degree, in other examples, classified as Halosydna lordi, from the Nanaimo region,
We have little doubt the present specimens are correctly ascribed despite these deviations, all of which are in characters
yo 23
which are modified in adaptation to commensal life in typical representatives of the genus Arctonoe. The specimens probably represent the non-commensal form of the species.
ARCTONOE PULCHRA (Johnson) Hartman, 1938, p. 116. Polynoe pulchra, Johnson, 1897, p. 177. Halosydna pulchra, Moore, 1908, p. 329; Berkeley, 19235 se) ZZ, Lepidasthema pulchra, Treadwell, 1937, p. 144.
A single specimen, put up with a specimen of Lowa montagu (Grube), with which it was, presumably, commensal. It has the irregular arrangement of the elytra after XY X//7 which Johnson describes and which led Treadwell to place the species in the genus Lepidasthema. Hartman (1938a) places it, together with 4. tuberculata, A. fragilis, and A. vittata, all of which are usually found as commensals and have other characters in com- mon, in Chamberlin’s genus Arctonoe,
The species occurs commonly as a commensal with echino- derms. We know of no previous record of its association with a terebellid.
FAMILY ACOETIDAE PANTHALIS PACIFICA Treadwell Treadwell, 1914, p. 184; Hartman, 1939a, p. 87.
Three anterior ends and a median portion dredged in 12 to 15 fms. Excepting in the presence of eyes there seems little to differentiate this species from the European P. oerstedi Kinberg, Fauvel (1932, p. 39) regards P. jogasimae Izuka, which has well defined eyes, as synonmous with P. oerstedi and points out that the ocular characters of the latter species are very variable.
POLYODONTES MAXILLOSUS Ranzanti Rativell 1923p O7- ands lOSZ eri. Son
An anterior fragment, dredged in 7 to 8 fms., consisting of 25 setigers, agrees, so far as comparison can be made, with the description given by Fauvel. The fragment is 17 mm. wide at its widest point, The first foot points slightly forward, as in P. melanonotus (Grube), but in all other respects, particularly in the characters of the setae, the presence of branchiae from the thirteenth foot, and of pockets on the elytra, agreement witn P. maxillosus is close.
PEISIDICE ASPERA Johnson Johnson, 1897, p. 184.
A single specimen taken in Monterey Bay in 16 fms. has 21 pairs of elytra. Otherwise agreement with Johnson’s descrip- tion 1s exact,
24
FAMILY SIGALIONIDAE SIGALION OVIGERUM Monro Monro, 1924, p. 47 and 1936, p. 103.
Four specimens, three of which were dredged in 12 to 17 fms. None complete posteriorly, The largest, which is about 3 mm. wide, as preserved, agrees closely with Monro’s descrip- tions and has the characteristic ovigerous elytra in the posterior region. The others, which are about 2 mm. wide, differ in that they have very distinct eyes and, just posterior to them, there is a median tentacle narrower and slightly shorter than the very small lateral tentacles. In these specimens the elytra in the pos- terior region are characteristically carried on tall and massive elytrophores, but they are not ovigerous. In none of the speci- mens have setae corresponding to Monro’s figure (1936, p. 104, fig. 12d) been made out. In their place are multi-articulate bristles with obscure articulation between shaft and blade, but the shafts have not “fist-shaped” terminations.
We do not regard the presence of the median tentacle in the smaller specimens as excluding them from the genus Sigalion since they agree closely with it in all other respects and similar cases of the occurrence of such a tentacle in members of the genus have been recorded elsewhere (Berkeley, 1ds We (Oop oe p. 328). Augener’s genus Eusigalion seems to be unnecessary (see Hartman, 1939a, p. 57).
PSAMMOLYCE sPINOSA Hartman Hartman, 1939a, p. 72.
Two specimens, both incomplete posteriorly, dredged in 20 fms. at Santa Cruz Is. agree in a majority of characters with this species, but in some resemble Ps. fimbriata Hartman (1939, p. 74) more closely. The elytra do not cover the tips of the para- podia and their marginal papillae are much longer at the outer edge than elsewhere. The superior neurosetae have long spinose regions at the ends of the shafts. In these respects the specimens resemble Ps. spinosa, On the other hand the shape of the cirrato- phore of the median tentacle and the position of the eyes are, on the whole, in accordance with Hartman’s figure (Pl. 20, fig. 245) of the prostomial region of Ps. fimbriata, but lateral tentancles are very clearly visible on the dorsal side of the first setiger, which she does not show. The pilose nature of the ventrum and the arrangement of filiform papillae on the ventral side in the anterior region of the body, as well as the concentration of long papillae on the ventral surface of the parapodia, are in accordance with the description of Ps. fimbriata.
On the whole we seem to have here a form linking Hart- man’s two species and suggesting that they are all variants of one form.
bo On
STHENELAIS TERTIAGLABRA Moore Moore, 1910, p. 395. Sthenelais hancocki, Hartman, 1939a, p. 65.
A large number of specimens of this species are in the col- lection, some from Monterey Bay. All were dredged in depths varying from 12 to 33 fms.
The compound neuropodial setae with spirally fringed shafts (Moore, 1910, pl. 33, fig. 117), which occur in the anterior seti- gers, have, in most cases, bifid tips, but the secondary tooth is sometimes not readily seen. Moore draws attention to the uncer- tainty of this character in the case of the multiarticulate setae with smooth shafts. The heavy setae with short unjointed appen- dages (Moore, 1910, pl. 33, fig. 119) which Moore says occur “behind XXX” may be as far forward as XXV, but in some cases are not present until LXV, or even nearer the anal extrem- ity. Therefore, in specimens which are incomplete posteriorly, the absence of this seta cannot be relied upon as a diagnostic character. The pigment-deposit on the elytra is a deep rusty red in some specimens, little more than a brownish shading in others, and it may be anything between these extremes.
There seems to be no significant character differentiating St. hancocki Hartman from St. tertiaglabra. Both are described from Monterey Bay and we believe them to be synonymous.
STHENELAIS FUSCA Johnson Johnson, 1897, p. 185; Hartman, 1939a, p. 61.
One complete and one incomplete specimen, dredged in 20 to 33 fms.
STHENELANELLA ATYPICA Sp. 0.
Several specimens dredged off Balboa and at Newport Bay; depth unrecorded. Two off Corona Del Mar in 12 to 17 fms.
These all agree with St. uniformis as described by Moore (1910, p. 391) except in one significant particular, The charac- teristic neurosetae, on the basis of which the genus is differenti- ated from Sthenelais, are not present in the second to the fourth setigers. In these setigers the shafts and ends of the neurosetae are not fused and they approximate to those typical of Sthenelais. They are of three kinds. Falcigers with smooth ended, rather heavy shafts and rather long unindentate end-pieces (fig. 1). Compound setae almost as heavy as the falcigers with long bi- or tri-articulate unindentate end-pieces and smooth shafts (fig. 2). Similar, but more slender, setae with heavily fringed ends to the shafts and longer end-pieces (fig. 3). These last may be biden- tate in the second setiger. These setae are rapidly modified in more posterior setigers until, at the sixth to the tenth setiger, all have assumed the forms described and figured by Moore for St. uniforms.
26
The agreement of these specimens with St. uniformis was so close in every other particular that we had been inclined to attri- bute them to that species and to regard Moore’s specimen as either imperfect or imperfectly described. The recent redescrip- tion of St. uniformis by Hartman (1939a, p. 69), based on many specimens, which confirms the implication of Moore’s description with regard to the setae of the first setigers, leads us to doubt this assumption and to give the present specimens specific rank. However, it seems not unlikely that St. wniformis and St. atypica represent no more than phases of one species.
Long delicate threads emerge from the parapodia, beginning at the 15th setiger, similar to those described by Treadwell (1914, p. 184) and Hartman (19394, p. 69) in the case of St. uniformis. We agree with the latter author as to their interpretation.
BAMIEBYACHRY SOP BT ALID AT CHRYSOPETALUM OCCIDENTALE Johnson Johnson, 1897, p. 161; Monro, 1933a, p. 19. Two specimens dredged in 12 ims. We are inclined to agree with Monro that there seems no sufficient reason for separating this species from C. debile Grube.
PALEANOTUS CHRYSOLEPIS Schmarda Monro, 1933a, p. 19; Hartman, 19398, p. 8; 1940, p. 201. Heteropale bellis Johnson, 1897, p. 163.
A single specimen “from hydroid-barnacle mass on bottom of boat”.
FAMILY AMPHINOMIDAE
CHLOEIA PINNATA Moore Moore, 191 p. 239; Monro; 19334) p.17; Berkeley, E- and, @.) 1939. 9.323.
Two small specimens, one about 12 mm. long, the other only half this length. The former dredged in 55 fms. in Monterey Bay, the latter in 15 fms. off Corona Del Mar.
Gills began on the fourth setiger and are as described by Moore. Both specimens have the purplish pigment area in front of the lateral tentacles, which Monro regards as characteristic, and have no distinct dorsal markings. We have given reasons elsewhere (1939) for doubts as to the validity of the separation of this species from C. viridis Schmarda.
EURYTHOE PAUPERA (Grube) Ehlers, 1901, p. 33; Chamberlin, 1918, p. 173; Berkeley, Pevandu@. 1935i5p./67: Eurythoe californica, Johnson, 1897, p. 159. Twenty-four specimens, nineteen of which are from Santa Cruz Is. The specimens are all small, but can be identified by the form of the caruncle and by the setae.
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EURYTHOE Sp. ?
A single specimen from Santa Cruz Is. cannot be assigned to a species with any confidence since it is small and has the proboscis extended, which makes determination of the prostomial characters difficult. It differs from the foregoing (E. paupera) in setal characters, the most outstanding of which is the presence of bifid neurosetae with long serrate tips such as are figured for Pareurothoe borealis (Sars) by Okuda (1938, p. 80, fig. 2g).
EUPHROSYNE ARCTIA Johnson
Johnson, 1897, p. 159.
Three specimens from Monterey Bay in 55 fms. The caruncle reaches to the posterior edge of V.
EUPHROSYNE HORTENSIS Moore Moore, 1905, p. 534. One small specimen from Santa Cruz Is.
PAMINEY PRY EO DOC DAIS PHYLLODOCE FERRUGINEA Moore Moore, 1909s, p. 337. A single specimen, Dredged off Balboa; depth unrecorded.
PHYLLODOCE (ANAITIDES) MADEIRENSIS Langerhans, Pauvel: 1023). ps 150) Monro, 193345 {p.92ie
Several specimens, four of which were dredged in 7 to 20 fms., one of_them in “Monterey Bay. Four are” from Santa Cruz Is:
Many of the specimens are small, but an individual from La Jolla is 150 mm. long. As Monro points out (1933a) P. medipapillata Moore, which is recorded from California, re-. sembles this species closely, but they differ in that there are setae on III in P. medipapillata, none in P, madeirensis,
EUMIDA SANGUINEA (Oersted) Fauvel 1923.) p) 166 Berkeley. 1924591 2389)
A single specimen from Santa Cruz Is.
RAMEY. SVELTD Avs SYLLIS ARMILLARIS Malmgren Pauvel, 19237 p.0264: Four specimens “from boat bottom”; one from Santa Cruz Ts: SYLLIS ELONGATA (Johnson) Moore, 1909s, p. 236; E. and C. Berkeley, 1938a, p. 41. Pionosyllis elongata, Johnson, 1901, p. 403. Two specimens, both from Santa Cruz Is., have transverse bands of pigment across the dorsum of the first few anterior seg- ments. Otherwise agreement is good.
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SYLLIS HYALINA Grube
Fauvel, 1923, p. 262; Monro, 1933a, p. 30; Hartman, I9S9R ow LO:
Two specimens, both from Santa Cruz Is. Hartman records the species from Galapagos, Monro from Panama. 5S, prolifera, which is recorded from the Nanaimo region (Berkeley, 1923, p. 207), is probably the same species (see Fauvel, 19273" 9: 203 and 1935, p. 300). With the present record its ponteaon through- out a considerable length of the coast of N. W. America is indicated.
SyLLis FASCIATA Malmgren Malmgren, 1867, p. 161; Fauvel, 1934, p. 304.
Two specimens, both from Santa Cruz Is. This is the form reported from the Nanaimo region ( Berkeley, 1923, p. 205), with some doubt, as S. borealis. It is characterized by a hght rusty- brown coloration of the dorsum of the anterior region, long slender articulated dorsal cirri, compound setae with unindentate end-pieces of moderate length, and rather heavy simple spines in the posterior parapodia.
SYLLIS GRACILIS Grube Batvel 1923) p.-259) Monro, 19334, p30:
A single example from Santa Cruz Is., dredged in 20 fms. The species is characterized by the presence of true ypsiloid setae in the median parapodia. S. palifica Ehlers and S. longissima Gravier are, as far as we know, the only other species of Syllis which have these setae. These two fe are almost identical except in point of size. Ehlers (1901, p. 92) suggests that S. longissima may be no more than de giant eae of Ss alifce. The present species is differentiated from both by having fewer arti- cles in the dorsal cirri of the median region, which are regularly alternated long and short, and bidentate compound setae.
TRYPANOSYLLIS GEMMIPARA Johnson Johnson, 1901, p. 405; Berkeley, 1923, p. 207; Berkeley, Hands. 938A. pie 42)
Two specimens, both from Santa Cruz Is. This species has not been reported previously south of Puget Sound.
ODONTOSYLLIS PHOSPHOREA Moore Moore, 1909, p. 327; Berkeley, E. and C., 1938a, p. 42. A large number of typical specimens, all dredged, some in 12 to 17 fms.; in the case of the others there is no record of the
depth. A single specimen, collected intertidally at Santa Cruz Is., approximates to the variety nanaimoensis Berkeley,
29
ODONTOSYLLIS POLYCERA (Schmarda) Monto, e193 3455 pn 36:
A single specimen from Santa Cruz Is. The species is dis- tinguished by the slate-grey colour of the dorsal surface, the very large and deeply pigmented occipital flap, and the characters of the pharynx.
ODONTOSYLLIS PARVA Berkeley Berkeley, 1923, p. 208.
Four specimens from Santa Cruz Is. This species was de- scribed from a single incomplete specimen and has not been re- corded since. There is, however, nothing to add to the original description from a consideration of the present specimens, The anal cirri have not remained intact in either of them. One has swimming-bristles well developed.
FAMILY HESIONIDAE PoDARKE PUGETTENSIS Johnson
Johnson, 1901, p. 397; Gravier, 1909, p. 6©2258@kudas 1936a, p. 413.
Several specimens, dredged in 7 fms. One specimen is marked “commensal with Patiria miniata.’ One from Santa Cruz Is.
The original description has been amplified by Gravier and again by Okuda. The species is common in the Nanaimo region. Gravier records it from Peru and Okuda from Japan. It is thus of wide distribution in the Pacific area.
LOANDALIA FAUVELI Sp. ni.
A single complete specimen in three pieces, from mud-flats, © Newport Bay. There is some difficulty in measuring these frag- ments and in counting the segments, since the median and pos- terior ones are much twisted and the anterior one is enclosed in a piece of a tightly-fitting annulated tube resembling that of a Phyllochaetopterid. Approximately, the three pieces measure jointly 125 mm. and consist of 300 segments. The width is barely 1 mm, at the widest point. Tbe body is pearly white throughout, the anterior portion being strikingly irridescent.
In general morphological characteristics the form resembles Loandalia aberrans Monro (1936, p. 193). The head is similar, but, whereas Monro was unable to differentiate the buccal seg- ment from the prostomium, there appears to be a definite groove separating them in the present form. The first six setigers are broader and shorter than those which follow and are deeply fur- rowed longitudinally, giving this region the appearance of a thorax. In this region there are no notopodia (fig. 4).
The first parapodium bears a single colourless bristle. From the second to the end of the body denticulate bristles, exactly like
30
those figured by Monro for L. aberrans (1936, p. 194, fig. 34g) are present. From the seventh setiger back a notopodium occurs bearing a single heavy colourless spine (fig. 5). More posteriorly this spine is accompanied, in some parapodia, by two very fine capillary setae extending well beyond the lobe and lying com- pletely parallel to one another throughout their length. In each case the termination of these setae is obscured by a small mass of detritus and the form cannot be made out (fig. 6).
The last three setigers and the pygidium are abruptly much smaller than the preceding segments, which may indicate regen- eration, The pygidium, so far as can be made out, is a rounded lobe bearing three small papillae, but no anal plate, such as is figured by Monro for L. aberrans.
Monro’s species is the only representative of the genus Loandalia previously described. The present species differs from it most outstandingly in the entire absence of branchiae,
Prof. Fauvel was kind enough to examine our specimen, In connection therewith he writes us as follows: “In my paper (Annelides Polychetes de l’Annam, 1935, p. 333, fig. 6) I made a mistake. What I wrongly figured as a back part of Telehsapia is really the head of a Loandalia, very likely the same as your specimen and, curiously enough, found also among, but not in, tubes of Phyllochaetopterids. Latterly I met with another anterior end amongst Polychaeta from the “Siboga’’ expedition. I am now satisfied that Loandalia and Telehsapia are both of them aberrant Hesionids.”’
Prof. Fauvel has recently (1939, p. 39) published the sub- stance of these remarks. We take pleasure in naming the present species after him.
FAMILY NEREIDAE
NEREIS PELAGICA Linneé Bauvel, 1923, p. 336. Several typical specimens, some dredged in 13 to 17 fms. A number of them from Santa Cruz Is.
NEREIS CALLAONA (Grube) hilers, 1901, p. 108; Hartman, 1940) p.' 227. Nereis heterocirrata Treadwell, 1931, p. 1. Nereis eucapitis, Hartman, 1936a, p. 468; 1938p, p. 14. Two specimens, both from Santa Cruz Is.
PLATYNEREIS DUMERILII (Audouin and Milne-Edwards ) var. Agassizi Ehlers. Monro, 1933a, p. 44. Nereis agassizi, Ehlers, 1868, p. 542; Johnson, 1901, p. 399.
Several specimens; a number of them from Santa Cruz Is. The majority dredged in 5 to 20 fms. The spotted phase de- scribed by Treadwell (1914) as Nereis notomacula is plentifully represented. The fusion of the paragnaths of the proboscis, which distinguishes the genus Platynereis, is much more apparent in some of the specimens from Santa Cruz Is. than in those from farther south. We have pointed out elsewhere (1935, p. 769) that irregularity in this respect is characteristic of the variety Agassizi, In the same paper we recorded the occurrence of an individual in which a number of the specialized crotchet setae which characterize the variety were present in the notopodium, instead of the usual one or two. This condition is common in many of the examples from Santa Cruz Is.
NEREIS PSEUDONEANTHES Hartman Hartman, 1936a, p. 470.
Two specimens, both from Santa Cruz Is.
NEREIS NEONIGRIPES Hartman Hartman, 1936a, p. 471.
Fourteen specimens, one of which was dredged in 5 fms. All are from Santa Cruz Is.
NEREIS VEXILLOSA Grube
Ehlers, 1868, 7p. 573; Johnson, 1901, p. 399.3 Moone 1909z, p. 244; Berkeley, 1924, p. 290.
Five specimens from Santa Cruz Is. Monro (1933, p. 42) quotes Moore’s description of this species as “the Pacific repre- sentative of Nereis limbata’. He points out that the latter species — is a synonym of N. succinea and considers that N. vevillosa is no more than a variety of it.
Apart from its greater size and the invariable absence of group V of the paragnaths in N, vexillosa, which Monro recog- nises as differentiating characters, we are inclined to doubt the similarity for the following additional reasons:
1. The superior dorsal parapodial lobe is much longer and more cylindrical in the median and posterior regions of the body in N. vexillosa than in N, succinea.
SS)
The heavy homogomph notopodial setae of the posterior parapodia have smooth spindle-shaped end-pieces in N. vexilosa, quite unlike the hooked, hirsute, asymmetrical ones in N. succinea. (See Fauvel, 1923, p. 347, fig. 135, J.)
3. The heterogomph setae are also distinctly dissimilar (see Johnson, 1901, pl. 4, fig. 37 and Fauvel, 1923, p. 347, fig. Sora)
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NEREIS PROCERA Ehlers Ehlers, 1868, p. 557; Johnson, 1901, p. 400; Berkeley, BeandiC1935.9: 768: A few typical specimens, dredged in 5 to 17 fms. One, from Santa Cruz Is., is incomplete and its identification doubtful,
FAMILY NEPHTHYDIDAE NEPHTHYS CAECOIDES Hartman. Hartman, 1938c, p. 148. Nephthys assimilis Oersted, Berkeley E. and C., 1935, p70:
A number of examples, one of which was dredged in 5 fms. off Santa Cruz Is. Two types are represented, differing only in the character of the setae. In the majority of the specimens the setae are all as described for the species, in others they are in part long and silky and the specimens resemble N. caeca Fabricius, var. ciliata, differing mainiy in the characters of the proboscis. This is probably the epitokous form of N. caecoides,
In one individual, which is otherwise of the normal type, the first branchia is present on the third setiger and the charac- teristic prostomial markings are not present, but agreement in other respects is reasonably good.
NEPHTHYS DIBRANCHIS Grube Monro, 1933, p. 56; Hartman, 1938c, p. 146.
One complete specimen and several fragments dredged in 20 fms. off Santa Cruz Is. This appears to be the most northerly record of the species.
FAMILY SPHAERODORIDAE EPHESIA GRACILIS Rathke Fauvel, 1923, p. 377.
Two Le dredged in 20 fms. off Santa Cruz Is. E. papillifer (Moore) which is recorded from California (Moore, 1909p, p. 333) and from the Nanaimo region (Berkeley, 1927, p. 412), differs from the present species in little but the absence of the setae of the form figured by Fauvel (fig. 148f).
PAM, GLyYCHRIDAT HEMIPODIA BOREALIS Johnson Johnson, 1901, p. 411.
Five specimens, all from Santa Cruz Is. GLYCERA CAPITATA Oersted Fauvel, 1923, p. 385.
Two specimens, both dredged; one in 67 fms., in the case of the other the depth is unrecorded.
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OOO E
GLYCERA GIGANTEA Quatrefages Kativel, lOZ3sp.387. A single small specimen, This has the three-lobed parapo- dium characteristic of young forms of the species (see Fauvel, 1923, p. 389). The branchiae are all retracted.
GLYCERA RUGOSA Johnson Johnson, 1901, p. 409. Several specimens. Some dredged in 7 to 17 fms., others collected intertidally.
GONIADA MACULATA Oersted Fauvel, 1923, p. 392; Hartman, 1940, p. 251.
Two specimens, one incomplete. Both dredged; depth un- recorded. The complete specimen is the smaller and is only about 30 mm. long, the other would probably have measured about 50 mm. when complete. They are thus both small representatives of the species, but are typical in other respects.
GLYCINDE ARMIGERA Moore Moore, 1911, p. 307. A single specimen; dredged; depth unrecorded.
PAVE YD UNICID AR, Get @lDiCilDArE)) EUNICE BIANNULATA Moore Moore, 1904, p. 487; Berkeley, E. and C., 1939, p. 335. Eunice longicirrata, Webster, var., Hartman, 1938p, 1B Sp A single specimen. Hartman (1938:, p. 11) confirms the above synonymy.
EUNICE SICILIENSIS Grube Fauvel, 1923; p. 405. Nicidion edentulum, Ehlers, 1901, p. 130.
Two specimens. The first, taken amongst roots of Phyllo- spadix, is a large one in several pieces which are considerably curled and their length cannot be measured. The width is about 4 mm. over the setae. It agrees in all respects with the descrip- tions of the species except that there is a slight branching of a few of the branchiae. In this it approaches Palolo (Eunice) palidus Hartman (1938p, p. 99), but it differs from that species in having three acicula in some of the anterior segments. In the latter character it resembles E. paloloides Moore. We are in- clined to think that these characters are variable and that both the latter species should be regarded as variants of E. siciliensis.
The second specimen, which is from Santa Cruz Is., dredged in 10 fms., is incomplete posteriorly and small, measuring barely 1.5 mm. in width. It agrees in all respects except that there is
o4
no sign of branchiae. Nicidion edentulum Ehlers is thus char- acterized and is generally regarded as the juvenile form of E. siciliensis. EUNICE VITTATA (Delle Chiaje) Fauvel, 1923, p. 404.
Two specimens, dredged in 5 fms., agree closely with the descriptions except that only one inter-segmental red line can be made out. Monro (1933, p. 61) lists the species from Panama, but it has not been recorded previously from the Californian coast. E. hawaiensis Treadwell, known from that region, comes very near it, differing mainly in its more complex branchiae,
EUNICE ENTELES Chamberlin Chamberlin, 1918, p. 175. Leodice monilifer Chamberlin, 1919a, p. 11 (Hartman, LOSSpy ps 97). Four specimens, all from Santa Cruz Is.
MARPHYSA SANGUINEA (Montagu). Fauvel, 1923, p. 408; Ehlers, 1868, p. 360. Marphysa californica Moore, 1909p, p. 25.
Four specimens, one of which is much larger than the other three. This specimen is about 11 mm, wide at the widest point and has a regenerated posterior region. The branchiae have from 4 to 6 branches. When fully developed these are definitely pectinate as figured by Ehlers (1868, pl. 16, fig. 8).
RHAMPHOBRACHIUM LONGISETOSUM Berkeley Berkeley, B. and’ ©, 1938p, p: 428. Two anterior fragments dredged in 17 fms. and 33 fms. respectively.
ONUPHIS ELEGANS (Johnson) Johnson, 1901, p. 406; Berkeley, E. and C., 1935, p. 771. Five specimens, dredged in 12 to 17 fms. The species comes very near to O. holobranchiata Marenzeller, which is recorded only from Japan.
ONUPHIS EREMITA Audouin and Milne-Edwards Matvel, 1923,.p, 414. Berkeley, ©. and C., 1935, p. 771. Two typical specimens.
ONUPHIS EREMITA, var. PARVA Var. N.
A number of specimens dredged in 12 to 17 fms., none of which are quite complete, agree in general morphological char- acters with O. eremita, but are far too small for that species, though they are sexually mature. The largest is 18 mm. long for
35
54 segments and 1.5 mm. wide at the widest point. The change from simple to compound branchiae occurs at any point between the 23rd and 30th setiger, varying in different specimens. The pectinate branchiae have 4 to 5 branches. Minute eye-spots are present.
The ground colour of the variety, as preserved, is deep ivory with conspicuous iridescence and there are brown bands on the anterior segments which are broken further back.
ONUPHIS IRIDESCENS (Johnson) Northia iridescens, Johnson, 1901, p. 408.
Several specimens, one of which was taken in Monterey Bay. All dredged in 12 to 17 fms.
ONUPHIS. NEBULOSA Moore Moore, 1911; p." 269; Monro; 19334, p; 76:
Four specimens, all incomplete posteriorly, dredged in 12 to 17 fms. They are all about 1 mm. wide. The modification of the larger compound tridentate crotchet of the anterior segments into a heavier simple one, which persists long after the fine com- pound crotchets have been replaced by capillaries, is characteristic of this species. Moore found that this modified crotchet persisted until the 14th setiger, after which there was a gap of a few segments before the bidentate crotchets appeared. Monro re- corded the tridentate crotchets up to the 17th setiger and the bidentate ones on the 18th.
In two of our specimens in which we have determined the point of transition we find the last tridentate crotchet on the 13th and 14th setigers respectively. In both cases a pair of bidentate crotchets appears in the immediately succeeding segment. Evi-. dently there is some variation in this respect.
DIopATRA ORNATA Moore Moore, 19]\1, p: 273; Berkeley, E. and ©.) 1939M passe:
A large number of specimens, all dredged in 5 to 17 fms., one from Santa Cruz Is., belong to the genus Diopatra. Many of them are fragmentary. They vary in width from 2 mm. to 8 mm. and are up to 170 mm. in length.
We ascribe all but four of them to this species in spite of the fact that there is a great deal of variation in respect of at least three characters which are commonly regarded as specific- ally diagnostic. These are the relative length of the dorsal and ventral cirri of the first setiger, and the first occurrence of gills and of heavy ventral crotchets respectively. The gills may begin on the 5th or 6th somite and the crotchets anywhere from the 16th to the 30th, and the incidence of neither seems to bear any relation to the size of the individual concerned. In the light of
36
the variation in these characters it becomes difficult to differen- tiate this species from D. californica Moore. The comb-setae form the best basis of differentiation. In D. californica they have a small number (7 or 8) of very coarse teeth (Moore, 1904, pl. 37, fig. 5), in D. ornata there are numerous (upwards of 20) very fine ones (Moore, 1911, pl. 18, fig. 82). The nature of the acicula also affords some guide. In the former species they are pliable, usually bent, and may be dark tipped; in the latter they are more rigid and have no dark tips.
Fragments of two kinds of tube accompany the material. The commoner kind has a rather thick wall of sandy mud with smoothly rounded transverse corrugations. The other is con- structed of thin membranous material heavily beset with pieces of detritus, chiefly fragments of seaweed, and very little shell, set quite irregularly.
DIOPATRA CALIFORNICA Moore Moore, 1904, p. 484.
The four specimens ascribed to this species were all dredged; the depth 1s unrecorded. They are differentiated from D. ornata in the manner indicated in the preceding paragraph. D. ornata is, apparently, a very much commoner species in the region cov- ered by this collection than D. californica.
HYALINOECIA TUBICOLA (O. F. Muller) Fauvel, 1923, p. 421. Hyalinoecia juvenalis, Moore, 1911, p. 277.
A large number of specimens, all dredged in depths varying from 7 to 67 fms. and ranging in length up to about 70 mm, have enabled us to study the variation within this species in some detail. Capillaries may or may not occur in the first three seti- gers. The crotchets of these setigers may be either pseudo-com- pound, as figured by Moore for H. juvenalis, (1911, pl. 18, fig. 89), or simple, as figured by Fauvel for H. tubicola (1923, p. 421, fig. 166p), or both may occur together, The condition in this respect seems to bear little relation to the size of the individual. The gills start at about somite 19 in the smaller individuals, at about somite 22 in the larger ones.
Having regard to these variations it would seem that there
is no justification for separating H. juvenalis from the older species. LUMBRINEREIS ERECTA Moore Moore, 1904, p. 490. A number of specimens of various sizes. Most of them are taken from amongst roots of Zostera and Phyllospadix. Two
are from Santa Cruz Is. The longest complete example measures 240 mm. In most cases the capillary setae extend only to about
37
the 75th setiger, but in two of them they persist to the end of the body. Moore says the capillaries cease at the 50th setiger. Dr. Hartman has recently examined the co-types of L. erecta depos- ited at the Philadelphia Academy of Science and finds that the specimens all have capillaries in some parapodia to the end of the body (private communication).
LUMBRINEREIS LATREILLI Audouin and Milne-Edwards ativel 923. son 4a".
Four specimens, three collected intertidally at Santa Cruz Is., the fourth dredged in 16 fms. in Monterey Bay.
LUMBRINEREIS IMPATIENS Claparede Fauvel, 1923) p, 429’. Berkeley, band ©, 19355ip: 77
A single small specimen “from holdfast of seaweed”. L. zonata Johnson is probably a synonym of this species (see Hart- man, 1938Ey paalZ)):
LUMBRINEREIS INFLATA Moore Moore, 1911, p. 289. Lumbrinereis cervicalis Treadwell, 1922, p. 176.
A single specimen dredged in 20 fms. off Santa Cruz Is.
LUMBRINEREIS LIGULATA sp.
A number of specimens, dredged in 12 to 17 fms. None are quite complete, but both anterior and posterior portions are rep- resented in an almost entire condition. The largest specimen has a maximum width of about 3 mm., the smallest about 1 mm.
The prostomium is pointed, almost as long as the first three segments, and has well defined nuchal organs. The buccal seg- ment is only a little longer than the succeeding one. The lobes of the most anterior parapodia are short and rounded, the pos- terior longer than the anterior, Farther back both lobes lengthen considerably and in the median region they become extremely elongated and continue so to the posterior end. In the median and posterior regions the lobes are quite slender and of equal length. They resemble almost exactly those of the parapodium of L. bifilaris Ehlers (1901, pl. 18, fig. 6). At the posterior end of some of the smaller specimens these lobes are so long relative to the width of the body as to meet across the dorsum.
Simple bladed setae occur in the first 80 setigers. These are accompanied by compound crotchets in the first 50 setigers. Five or six of these crotchets are present in the first few setigers. Their number gradually decreases in more posterior ones “and from the 25th setiger to the 50th, they are gradually replaced by simple crotchets which persist to the end of the body, The
38
bladed setae and both the compound and simple crotchets re- semble very closely those of L. latreilli (Fauvel, 1923, p. 431).
The occurrence of compound crotchets in the first 50 setigers differentiates this species from the other three with both the lobes of the median and posterior parapodia elongated which have been described from the west coast of N. America. These are L. bifilaris Ehlers, L. bifurcata McIntosh, and L. bicirrata Tread- well. In the characters of the parapodia and the setae L. ligulata unites those of L. bifilaris and L. latreilli. In the structure of the jaws it differs from both, the principal difference being that in M2 there are usually only three teeth on either side. Occa- sionally a fourth small tooth appears on one side, The dental formula is as follows: 3+3-4; 1+1; 141.
DRILONEREIS FILUM (Chaparede ) Fauvel, 1923, p. 436; Monro, 1933, p. 88. Drilonereis falcata, Moore, 1911, p. 298. A single specimen dredged in 20 fms. off Santa Cruz Is.
Monro points out the similarity of this species to D. falcata. We regard them as synonyms.
ARABELLA ATTENUATA Treadwell Treadwell, 1906, p. 1172.
One anterior and two posterior fragments, dredged; depth unrecorded. The species is distinguished by the very broad, bluntly rounded aciculum projecting for some distance from the tip of each parapodium. The specimens are small, averaging only about 1 mm. in width.
ARABELLA IRICOLOR (Montagu) Fauvel, 1923, p. 438. Arabella mimetica Chamberlin, 1919a, p. 12.
Eight specimens, seven of which are from Santa Cruz Is. The form of the first maxilla distinguishes this species from the nearly allied A. geniculata. Our suggestion (1932, p. 313) that A. mimetica 1s synonymous with this species is confirmed by Hartman (1938:, p. 12) after re-examination of Chamberlin’s type.
ARABELLA GENICULATA (Claparede) Fauvel, 1923, p. 439.
A single specimen taken from roots of Phyllospadix, The specimen is unusually large, measuring 340 mm. in length and 6 mm. in width. No eyes can be made out, This is probably a matter of age.
ARABELLA SEMIMACULATA (Moore) Aracoda semimaculata Moore, 1911, p. 295. Arabella munda, Chamberlin, 19198, p. 258.
39
Two specimens from Zostera roots and “rocky shore” Corona Del Mar, respectively, and a large number from similar situations at Santa Cruz Is. Amongst the latter is a specimen 500 mm. long and several approximate to this length. This is much longer than any of Moore’s examples of A. semimaculata or of Cham- berlin’s specimen of 4A, munda which Hartman (1938k, p. 12), after examining the type, regards as the same species. Eyes can be made out only with difficulty, or not at all, in the larger speci- mens. In smaller ones they are clearer and the outer ones are larger than the inner.
We have separated this species from A. iricolor by the peculiar digitate, obliquely directed, lobes of the posterior para- podia. This seems to be the only character upon which a distine- tion can be based and we are by no means sure it is a valid one since we find amongst a large number of specimens examined, of approximately equal size, that the character is developed in vary- ing degree and it is possible to arrange a series of intermediaries connecting those with the almost ty pical iricolor foot with those with the foot characteristic of semimaculata.
DorvILLEA (STAUROCEPHALUS) RUDOLPHITE (Delle Chiaje) Fauvel, 1923, p. 446.
A single specimen, Hartman (1938p, p. 101) has described a nearly allied species D. articulatus from California from which the present specimen differs in the particulars stressed in her de- scription (p. 102).
FAMILY ARICIIDAE ARICIA MACGINITII Sp. n.
This fine Aricia is described from a single specimen from the mud-flats, Newport Bay. It is about 210 mm. long, with a maximum width of about 5 mm. in the thoracic region, This region is flattened, whilst the abdomen is rounded, There are 29 thoracic setigerous segments. Gills start on the 5th setigerous segment. They are lanceolate throughout the body and attain their greatest size at about the mid-region, where the bases meet across the dorsum.
In the thoracic region the dorsal ramus of the parapodium has a lanceolate cirrus and a bundle of slender camerated capil- lary setae. The ventral ramus is a flattened vertical pad with a narrow elongated lamella bearing from 11 to 16 long conical papillae. Immediately adjacent to the row of papillae is a close row of many subuluncini (fig. 7) and anterior to this row are three or four rows of deep yellow crotchets with strongly bent and rounded tips (fig. 8). No capillaries could be found in the ventral ramus.
From the 12th setigerous segment to the end of the thoracic region the most anterior row of crotchets is replaced by a row
40
of very heavy brown spines about twice as thick as the crotchets and projecting very little. Most of these are straight rods and have square or rounded ends, but, judging by a few which were observed just emerging from the parapodium, this is a condition of wear and they have bluntly pointed tips when unworn (fig. 9). There are about 20 of these heavy spines in the 13th setigerous segment and they gradually decrease in number as the lobe bearing them shortens, in more posterior segments,
Dense rows of ventral papillae begin on the 14th setigerous segment and continue to the 34th. From the 20th to the 32nd setigerous segment the rows are double
In the abdominal region the parapodium carries a long dorsal cirrus, a bundle of dorsal setae, similar to those occurring in the thorax, and an erect bilobed ventral ramus with shorter, but similar, capillaries. There is no intermediary cirrus and no forked setae could be made out.
The pygidium is well defined and the anus is surrounded by a rugose ring (fig. 10). The preserved specimen has neither colour nor markings.
The replacement of the entire anterior row of neural crotchets by heavy straight spines in the parapodia of the posterior region of the thorax, coupled with the absence of ventral capil- laries in the thorax and that of both intermediary cirrus and forked setae in the abdominal region, differentiates this species from others of the genus.
A, johnsoni Moore and A, nuda Moore are the only members of the genus previously described from the coast of California. Both differ from the present species in significant particulars. We name it with pleasure after Prof. G, E. MacGinitie,
HAPLOSCOLOPLOS KERGUELENSIS (McIntosh) Monro, 1936, p. 160.
Scoloplos kerguelensis, McIntosh, 1885, p. Scoloplos elongata, Johnson, 1901, p. 412. Scoloplos acmeceps, Chamberlin, 1919a, p. 15.
A single specimen agrees with Monro’s amended description of this species. Scoloplos elongata appears to differ in no par- ticular from this description. Hartman (1938r, p. 13) finds, after examination of the type, that Scoloplos acmeceps 18 a syno- nym of Scoloplos elongata.
NAINEREIS LAEVIGATA (Grube) Havel 927. p: 22s Berkeley. andy Gal932) 1 33; Nainereis robusta, Moore, 19098, p. 262 Nainereis longa, Moore, 1909p, p. 264; Berkeley, 1927, p. 413. Seven specimens taken from roots of Zostera and Phyllos- padix. Four of them from Santa Cruz Is.
41
TVS IMUDL SC Sle OUNTUDVALE, SCOLOLEPIS INDICA Fauvel RanivellO235p1OSvandal S32 an: al/10)
Two anterior and three median fragments, from Mission Bay, San Diego, agree with Fauvel’s descriptions in every par- ticular except that the crotchets are tridentate in the more pos- terior segments of the median fragments, The species has been recorded previously only from India.
NERINIDES ACUTA (Treadwell) Spio acuta, Treadwell, 1914, p. 199.
This species, originally described from two anterior frag- ments collected at San Diego, California, and not since recorded, is represented in the collection by five specimens, four of which are complete. The absence of a branchia on the first setigerous segment necessitates transference of the species to the genus Nerinides. We are able to amend the original description from the more complete material in the following particulars.
There is a triangular thickening at the base and on the dorsal side of each tentacle somewhat similar to the sheath de- scribed by Okuda in N. papillosus (Okuda, 1937, p. 219), but less complex (fig. 11).
The lobe of the ventral remus in the posterior parapodium is very long and extends vertically to a narrow notch which divides it from the dorsal remus. The setae are confined to the basal end of the lobe and below them is a small projection Gig 12):
Ventral crotchets start at about the 30th setiger. They are bi-dentate and have hoods with a terminal aperture (fig. 13).
The anus is terminal and below it is a turgid flange the edge of which is entire (fig. 14).
The presence of setae in both rami of the first setiger of this species differentiates it from other members of the genus.
LAONICE CIRRATA (Sars) Fauvel, 1927, p. 38; Berkeley, hand) ©." 193@;seAey/Ze Spionides japonicus. Moore, 1907, p. 204. Spionides foliata, Moore, 1923, p. 182 (fide Hartman, IGSOBy pe o2))e Several specimens, one of which is from Monterey Bay and one from Santa Cruz Is, Allidredged-in 12 to 17 ims:
PRIONOSPIO PINNATA Ehlers Ehlers LOOM. lose lauvels O37 peal 73 Paraprionospio tribranchiata, Berkeley, 1927, p. 415. Prionospio alata, Moore, 1923, p. 185. Several specimens, dredged in 12 to 17 fms., one of which has two tongue-like processes emerging from the mouth and projecting laterally. We have occasionally observed this in ex-
42
amples from the Nanaimo region and we mention it here because these processes are at first glance liable to be mistaken for frontal horns such as occur in Scololepis.
In the description of Paraprionospio tribranchiata it is sur- mised that the species may prove to be a synonym of Prionospio pinnata. We can now confirm this synonomy and we follow Soderstrom (1920, p. 228) and Fauvel in considering Caullery’s genus Paraprionospio unnecessary.
Potypora GiArpDI Mesnil Mesnil, 1896, p. 195; Fauvel, 1927, p. 50.
A single specimen, incomplete posteriorly, dredged in 20 fimsssOt Santa Cruz Is., agrees, so far as can be determined, with this species.
Branchiae begin on the 10th setiger. Dorsal setae are present on the Ist setiger, and the characters of the setae of the 5th setiger are in accordance with Mesnil’s description,
Originally recorded from France, this species seems to have been noted since only from Ireland (Southern, 1914, p. 104).
RAMEY CHAR ROP TERM AH CHAETOPTERUS VARIOPEDATUS Rénier auvel 927, 0.377. Two specimens, one of them small.
MESOCHAETOPTERUS RICKETTSII Sp. N,
One complete, but badly preserved, specimen, in several pieces, and an anterior portion are in this collection, Another anterior portion, from Ensenada Estuary, Mexico, had previously been sent to us by Mr. E. F. Ricketts, who also sent eight similar fragments from Newport Bay, California, in 1932. All these anterior portions consist of the anterior region of the body and a variable number of the most anterior segments of the median region.
The following description is based upon a consideration of all the material at our disposal.
In size, in superficial appearance, and in general morpho- logical structure, the species resembles MM. taylori Potts. The fragments of the only complete specimen measure jointly about 655) mm. in length and the greatest width, at the first segment of the median region, is about 10 mm, Some of the anterior frag- ments are wider than this and evidently belong to larger animals.
The prostomium is low and rounded. The peristomium is large, erect, flaring and unpigmented. Its dorsal lobes do not cover the prostomium which is, therefore, clearly visible on the dorsal surface. The peristomial tentacles are grooved and 30 to 40 mm. long and there is no trace of a second pair of tentacles. The anterior region consists of 9 to 13 setigers. It is about 16 mm, long in the complete specimen. It differs in no essential
43
character from the same region in other members of the genus. The modified setae of the 4th setiger resemble those of MW. minuta (Potts, 1914, p. 964, fig. 48), whilst the remainder of the noto- podials are like those of VW. taylori (Potts, 1914, p. 965, fig. 5a),
The median region consists of 21 setigers and is about 110 mm. long in the complete specimen. None of the setigers are as elongated as they are in other members of the genus. The first is about the length of the whole anterior region and more posterior ones are increasingly shorter. At the posterior end of the 2nd and of every succeeding setiger of this region the walls of the ciliated groove bear on each side a small semi-circular expansion. The flaps so formed are held more or less vertically. These represent the very much larger and more complicated expansions found, similarly situated, in other members of the genus and we take it that their presence characterizes the median region. The dorsal surface of all the segments in this region is coated with dark brown glandular tissue forming close transverse furrows and the white lateral frill characteristic of M. taylori is not present. The notopodia are all alike throughout the region and are unilobed triangular processes supported by bundles of fine capillaries with flattened ends (fig. 15). The uncini in this region are somewhat variable, but generally resemble those of M. taylori as figured by Potts (1914, p. 962. fig. 3).
The posterior region measures about 208 mm. and consists of some 80 setigers, so far as can be made out in the poor condi- tion of preservation of the only entire specimen. The transition from the median to the typical abdominal segments is more gradual in this species than in other members of the genus. The notopodia carry about three capillaries each with sickle-shaped ends extending freely (fig. 16) and these are present to the end of the body. The uncini are essentially similar to those of the median region,
The tube is thin and smooth and covered with a sparse coating of sand. It may extend for more than a metre. It re- sembles that of M/. taylori in both these respects.
The genus Mesochaetopterus was established by Potts (1914) for the two species M. taylori and M. minuta. Since then two others, M. alipes Monro, and M. japonicus Fujiwara, have been added, The number of median segments in these four species consists, in accord with the generic description, of “2 or 3 elongated segments”. In the present species there appears to be 21 of these. Since we have only the one specimen with this region complete we are unable to say whether this number of median segments is constant. In all other respects it is so typical a Mesochaetopterus that we place it within the genus though this may involve modifying the generic definition to include species with a greater number of median segments than those described hitherto,
We take pleasure in naming the species after Mr. E. F. Ricketts. 44
FAMILY CIRRATULIDAE CIRRIFORMIA (AUDOUINIA) TENTACULATA (Montagu). Audouina tentaculata, Fauvel, 1927, p. 91; Berkeley, E. and C., 1935, p. 772 (with synonymy). Several specimens, many of which are from Santa Cruz Is. Hartman (1936p, p. 31) suggests the generic name Cirriformia in place of Auwdowmia which, she points out, is preoccupied,
CrRRIFORMIA (AUDOUINIA) LUXURIOSA (Moore) Monro, 19338, p. 1055. Cirratulus luxuriosus, Moore, 1904, p. 493.
Several specimens. The species is distinguished by the grad- ually increasing distance between branchia and notopodium from the anterior to the posterior region of the body. In the anterior segments they are almost in contact. Posteriorly the branchia assumes an almost mid-dorsal position. The only other species of which we know in which this arrangement occurs is A. semui- cincta Ehlers, which may be a synonym.
MMAR VEXaSP ar
One specimen, dredged in 12 to 17 fms. It is incomplete posteriorly, less than 1 mm. wide, and the segments are very short and crowded. The prostomium is conical. There are no eyes. Only stumps of the tentacular filaments and branchiae, or scars of attachment showing where they have been, remain, There are 4 achaetous anterior segments which have no indication of having carried branchiae. The fifth segment is the first setiger and carries on its anterior border the remains of a pair of ten- tacular filaments and of a pair of branchiae. Succeeding setigers have each a pair of branchiae for at least the anterior half of the fragment.
Throughout the length of the fragment the dorsal setae are long, smooth hair- like capillaries, whilst the ventral setae have serrated blades and are drawn out to fine tips. In the anterior region they are much longer than posteriorly and are alternately long and short in the rows, the longer ones having very extended tips (fig. 17). In the posterior region the ventral setae are more nearly of one length in the rows and are broader, more curved, and more coarsely serrated (fig. 18).
We know of no Tharyx which has setae of this peculiar type.
CHAETOZONE SPINOSA Moore, var. CORONA var. n. Chaetozone spinosa, Moore, 1903, p. 468.
Four specimens, dredged in 12 to 17 fms., one of which is complete, except that only a few branchiae remain, One of the others is an anterior fragment with most of the branchiae at- tached, and two have only a few branchiae and no caudal ends.
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The complete specimen is about 18 mm. long and 1.5 mm, wide. The largest of the others is nearly 2 mm. wide. All are thus considerably smaller than the type of Moore’s species.
Like the stem species the variety corona is characterized by the presence of stiff spines, together with very long, fine, capillary setae throughout the body in both rami. The capillaries agree closely with Moore’s description and figure (pl. 26, fig. 73), but the spines in the anterior region have no delicate tips. They are all alike throughout the body and resemble those Moore describes for posterior segments only (pl. 26, fig. 74). Moreover the variety has a pair of well-defined crescentic eyes placed laterally on the prostomium.
DOoDECACERIA PACIFICA ( Fewkes) Moore, 19098, p. 268; Berkeley, E. and C., 1932, p. 314:
A number of typical specimens.
FAMILY CHLORAEMIDAE FLABELLIGERA COMMENSALIS Moore Moore, 1909p, p. 286.
Several specimens taken from amongst the spines of the sea- urchin Srongylocentrotus purpuratus.
The rami of the parapodia are widely separated and the notosetae are in fan-shaped bunches extending over the dorsum. The body is quite free from mucus investment, sand, or mud. These characteristics differentiate it from F. affinis Sars (c.f. Monro, 19338, p. 1056).
STYLARIOIDES INFLATA (Treadwell) Trophoma inflata. Treadwell, 1914, p 213.
A large number of specimens dredged in 5 to 16 fms., some in Monterey Bay. One from 20 fms. off Santa Cruz Is. All agree closely with Treadwell’s description, assuming that he has mistaken the dorsal for the ventral side of the animal, This seems probable from the position he gives the hooks. The species is distinguished by the fringes of large papillae on the margins of the somites in the anterior region and the longitudinal lines of similar papillae on either side of the body. Many of the speci- mens have the anterior region of the body inflated in the manner described by Treadwell, but regarded by him as possibly due to preservation,
STYLARIOIDES PAPILLATA (Johnson)
Trophonia papillata, Johnson, 1901, p. 416.
Six small specimens, only one of which is accompanied by a record of its origin. This was dredged in 12 to 17 fms. off Corona Del Mar.
46
STYLARIOIDES PLUMOSA (O. F. Miiller) Fauvel, 1927, p. 116.
Several small specimens, most of them in poor condition. One dredged in Monterey Bay in 55 fms., the remainder off Corona Del Mar in 5 to 17 fms.
The species is differentiated from St. papillata by the shorter and less conspicuous setae and papillae. Otherwise, as Monro points out (1933p, p. 1059) they are not easy to distinguish.
STYLARIOIDES ERUCA (Claparede ) Fauvel, 1927, p. 119. Trophonia capulata, Moore, 1909p, p. 284.
A number of specimens, all, except one, dredged in 5 to 17 fms. One from Santa Cruz Is. The distribution of the papillae seems to be the only character differentiating this species from Trophonia capulata Moore, which was described from a single specimen, The coating of sand makes it difficult to determine the exact arrangement of the papillae.
FAMILY SCALIBREGMIDAE ONCOSCOLEX pAcIFICcUS (Moore) Berkeley, 1930, p. 68. Schlerocheilus pacificus, Moore, 1909p, p. 282; Ash- worth, 1915, p. 415.
Two examples of this rare and interesting species; one in- complete posteriorly, Both from Santa Cruz Is. The characters of the species and the grounds on which it is placed in the genus Oncoscolex have been given by one of us elsewhere (Berkeley, 1930, p. 68).
There has been some confusion in the interpretation of the genus Oncoscolex which Hartman (1938:, p. 14) has clarified in redefining Chamberlin’s genus Kebuita. Oncoscolex hetero- chaetus Augener belongs to this latter genus.
As Ashworth points out the present species agrees in general with Oncoscolex dicranochaetus Schmarda, However, the shape of the body is not vermiform as in that species (see Schmarda, 1861, pl. 26, fig. 206), but resembles that of Scalibregma inflatum Rathke.
DAMME Ye Orr Ie HEB ATE OPHELIA LIMACINA (Rathke) Fauvel, 1927, p. 132; Hartman, 1938p, p. 107. Four specimens,
ARMANDIA BREVIS (Moore) Ammotrypane brevis, Moore, 1906, p. 254 and 1908, p. 354; Treadwell, 1922, p. 179. Armandia brevis, Hartman, 1938p, p. 102. Armandia bioculata, Hartman, 1938p, p. 105.
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Several specimens from Balboa beach and “off Balboa”. Others from “tide-pool”, Monterey Bay. They agree closely with Treadwell’s modified description of A. brevis Moore except that in some cases prostomial eyes are more or less clearly visible; a point not mentioned by either Moore or Treadwell.
Hartman differentiates the species A. bioculata from A. brevis on this character, and on the different shape of the lateral eyes, the absence of a branchia on the last setiger, and the dif- ferent type of pygidium. In a large number of specimens of A, brevis from B. C. waters which we have examined the lateral eyes vary considerably in size and shape in different individuals, the branchiae extend to the last setiger, but the last pair is in some cases quite vestigial, and the pygidium is as Hartman de- scribes for A. bioculata and Treadwell (1922, p. 179, and fig. 37, p. 181) had already described for A. brevis. In the type speci- men of A. brevis the pygidium was evidently imperfect. We regard A, bioculata as a synonym of A, brevis.
TRAVISIA GIGAS Hartman Hartman, 1938p, p. 103.
Four specimens, the largest, collected on sandy shore, New- port Bay, is about 75 mm. long and 10 mm. wide at the widest point. The other three dredged in 12 to 17 fms.
This species has a pygidium with six long digitiform anal cirri. Three species of Travisia which have this character had been described earlier, T. japonica Fujiwara, T. pupa Fauvel (non Moore), and T. chinensis Monro (non Grube). These are very near to each other and Fauvel (1936, p. 77) considers them identical. The present species differs from all three in the form of the pygidium (in spite of its having six long cirri) and in the broad leaf-like lappets of the parapodia of the posterior region.
TRAVISIA BREVIS Moore Moore, 11923; 9, 220!
Four specimens, three of which were dredged in 55 fms. in Monterey Bay, the fourth taken “off Balboa”.
PoLYOPHTHALMUs pictus (Dujardin) Fauvel, 1927, p. 137; Hartman, 1939p, p. 18. Three specimens from Santa Cruz Is.
BAM CAP Ee IAN NoOTOMASTUS GIGANTEUS Moore Moore, 1906, p. 227; Hauvel, 1932, p, 194 Berkeleys Be andiG. 1935 sonA/iZ: One specimen, from Annaheim Slough, incomplete posteri- orly ; a number of caudal ends of unrecorded origin. The speci-
48
men from Annaheim Slough is about 7 mm. wide across the thoracic region. Moore did not observe the genital pores. The present specimen has these on the first 17 abdominal segments. An example we recorded from Elkhorn Slough, California, had 13, whilst Fauvel’s specimen, from Puri, India, had only 9, Pre- sumably the number of pores which may be functional at any one time may vary.
DASYBRANCHUS CADUCUS Grube var, LUMBRICOIDES Monro Monro, 19338, p. 1059.
A single example measures about 5 mm. in width and 300 mm. in length, but it is incomplete posteriorly. The notopodial uncini of the anterior abdominal segments form an almost con- tinuous band on the dorsum, as described and figured by Monro. The abdominal crotchets are as figured by Fauvel (1927, p. 148) for the stem species.
The only significant particular in which this variety seems to differ from D. glabrus Moore (19098, p. 280) is that in the latter there is no interramal break in the line of uncini in the first twelve abdominal segments.
FAMILY ARENICOLIDAE ARENICOLA CRISTATA Stimpson Fauvel, 1927, p. 163.
Two specimens.
FAMILY MALDANIDAE CLYMENE (Euclymene) Grossa Baird var. NEWPORTI var. n. One complete example and two fragments, one anterior and
the other posterior, which seem to belong together. The char- acters are those of the stem species except the following:
1. The edges of the twelve lappets formed by the notching of the posterior border of the cephalic plate are not finely denticulate.
2. There are two non-setigerous pre-anal segments.
Pennate, as well as limbate, setae occur in our specimens and are not described by Ehlers in Cl. grossa (1901, p. 190), but this was probably an oversight.
Cl. tropica Monro (1928p, p. 97) differs from the present variety in having the lappets of the posterior border of the cephalic plate separated to form coarse teeth, in having only one pre-anal segment, and in the detailed character of the uncinus. We agree with Fauvel (1939, p. 4) that Cl. tropica should be regarded as no more than a variety of Cl. grossa.
AXIOTHELLA RUBROCINCTA (Johnson) var. COMPLEXA var. Nn. Two complete examples and some fragments. The variety differs from the stem species (see Johnson, 1901, p. 418) in the following particulars:
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1. The cephalic plate has three or four irregularly placed lateral notches on each side of the flaring rim.
2. The nuchal organs are straight and long extending over seven-eighths of the length of the plate.
3. There is a low collar on the anterior margin of the 4th
setiger.
The collar on the 4th setiger is quite definite and not to be confused with the telescoping effect often found in the stem species (c.f. Arwidsson, 1922, p. 29 and. Monro, 1937, p. 310). It is best seen when the animal is fully extended.
We follow Monro in placing the species in the genus 4x10- thella, basing the characterization of this genus on the presence of uncini in the anterior segments, and disregarding the presence of the collar on the 4th setiger. The characters of this variety lend support to Monro’s view.
ASYCHIS DISPARIDENTATA Moore Maldane disparidentata, Moore, 1904, p. 494 and 1923, (Dy Ze Two entire specimens and two fragments, dredged in 12 to 17 fms.
FAMILY AMMOCHARIDAE
AMMOCHARES FUSIFORMIS (Delle Chiaje) Berkeley, 1930) p: 07. Owena fusiformis, Fauvel, 1927, p. 203. Ammochares occidentalis, Johnson, 1901, p. 420. Four specimens taken “off Balboa” and one from Santa @ruz ls;
BRAMILY SABELLARTIDAT
SABELLARIA CALIFORNICA Fewkes Moore, 1909z, p. 293.
A large number of specimens, several of which are from Santa Cruz Is. Nine of the latter were dredged in 5 fms. The species is readily distinguished by the black recumbent median series of paleae which cover the inner series (Moore, pl. 9, fig. 66).
SABELLARIA CEMENTARIUM Moore Moore, 1906, p. 248.
Three specimens, one dredged in 12 fms. off Corona Del
Mar, the other two which are small, in Monterey Bay in 5 fms.
As Monro points out (1933B, p. 1064) this species is prob- ably unique in the genus in having the paleae of the inner series stouter and more spoon-shaped than those of the middle series (see) Moores pl. 12) hie45)))
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SABELLARIA SPINULOSA Leuckart var. ALCocKI, Gravier ativiel 9272) pe ZU. A single specimen dredged in 12 fms., is certainly attributable to this variety. A second one is doubtful since the anterior end is regenerating.
BVA VIG Va SERENA PAD AGS STERNASPIS FOSSOR Stimpson Moore, 1908, p. 358 and 1909, p. 144; Berkeley, 1930, poo: A large number of specimens, dredged in 5 to 17 fms.
FAMILY AMPHICTENIDAE PECTINARIA BELGICA (Pallas) atively, 1927. 220.
Six specimens, dredged; depth unrecorded. This is the species previously recorded by us (1935, p. 773) as P. auricoma. As in the former specimens examined the uncinus in these has fewer large teeth than is usually recorded for that of P. belgica, but it agrees in all other respects. Ehlers (1901, p. 205) records P. belgica from the Magellan region with uncini having 5 teeth, which is the number commonly occurring in our specimens.
AVE VAM PEAIR En TDA AMPHARETE ARcTICA Malmgren Malmgren, 1865, p. 364; Moore, 1908, p. 348 and 1923, p. 200; Berkeley, 1929, p. 311; Okuda, 1936s, p. 153. A large number of specimens dredged in 8 to 17 fms. Two from Monterey Bay in 16 fms. and three from Santa Cruz Is. in ZetO, 7, cis,
Genus ScuistocoMus Chamberlin CHAR. EMEND.
Like Sosanopsis 1n having tentacles, in lacking postbranchial spines, in bearing fifteen pairs of fasciae of capillary setae and four pairs of branchiae. It differs from that genus in having the branchiae of two types, one pair being of the ordinary, smooth, simple, subulate form and the other three with the edges divided, two pinnately, bearing two close series of lamellar branches, and one with an essentially single series of branches in the genotype.
Genotype S. hiltoni Chamberlin.
SCHISTOCOMUS HILTONI Chamberlin Chamberlin, 1919a, p. 17; Fauvel, 1932, pace:
Seven specimens dredged in 5 to 17 fms. One from Santa Cruz Is. collected intertidally, The genus Schistocomus was set up by Chamberlin for this species and defined as having no ten- tacles. Fauvel described a specimen from Madras of which he says “the buccal tentacles are very likely lacking”. Of the eight
51
specimens in the present collection four show no sign of tentacles externally and, in this condition, agree exactly with Chamberlin’s and Fauvel’s descriptions. In the other four specimens, which agree in all other respects, tentacles are present. The degree of extension of the tentacles varies between the individuals; in one case they can only just be seen emerging from the mouth, in an- other the buccal membrane is fully extended and bears a large number of long and smooth tentacles. When the tentacles are thus extended the head region no longer has the truncated appear- ance which characterizes individuals in which they are retracted.
This observation renders necessary the above modification of the definition of the genus. The presence of tentacles brings the genus very near to Sosanopsis Hessle, but it is differentiated from that genus by the presence of two kinds of branchiae.
AMAGE ANops (Johnson) Moore; 1923, p 210 Berkeley,” 1929) pai 310s Sabellides anops, Johnson, 1901, p. 424.
Two specimens dredged in 12 to 17 fms. As has been pre- viously pointed out (Johnson, 1901 and Berkeley, 1929) this species resembles 4. auricula Malmgren very closely and it 1s doubtful whether the two should be regarded as separate.
AMPHICTEIS GUNNERI (Sars) Patel, 927.ep.. Zl Okuda, 933m pealOle
Two specimens, dredged in 12 to 17 fms., both without branchiae. A. glabra Moore (1905, p. 849) seems to be this species.
SAMYTHA BIOCULATA Moore Moore, 1906, p. 253. Amage bioculata, Fauvel, 1932, p. 218.
Two specimens dredged in 12 to 17 fms. Branchiae are lack- ing in both, but the scars indicate that they were arranged as Moore describes. Eyes could be distinguished, but only with difficulty. In one specimen most of the uncini are 6-toothed, a few 5-toothed; in the other this condition is reversed.
EA MINE VES Bie Dy Asts AMPHITRITE CIRRATA (O. F. Muller) RativelslS27an= Zolle This 1s a poorly preserved and incomplete specimen, only part of the thoracic region being present. It agrees in all com- parable particulars. The species has been recorded previously only from more northerly latitudes and not from the west coast of N. America, but there seems little to differentiate it from A, radiata Moore (1905, p. 858 and 1908, p. 350) from Alaska.
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TEREBELLA CALIFORNICA Moore Moore, 1904, p. 496.
One poorly preserved specimen. Monro (19338, p. 1072), quoting Hessle, suggests doubtfully that this form may be a Neoleprea since “the notopods begin on the 3rd segment ( 7)”. However, Moore (p. 498) states that they begin on [IV and this is borne out both by the present specimens and others we have examined from California.
EUPOLYMNIA CRESCENTIS Chamberlin Chamberlin, 19198, p. 265.
A number of specimens, dredged in 12 to 17 fms. Monro (19338, p. 1072) suggests that this species is synonymous with E. nebulosa (Montagu). Hartman (1938k, p. 17) regards Cham- berlin’s species as valid and has summarized the main points of difference between the two, Examination of the present speci- mens confirms her findings.
Pista CRISTATA (O. F. Muller) Fauvel, 1927, p. 266.
Four specimens. One taken “off Balboa” (depth unrecord- ed), two off Corona Del Mar in 12 to 17 fms., and one in Mon- ferey aay im So fms. Lhe species has been recorded from Alaska, British Columbia and Washington, but, apparently, not farther south on the west coast of N. America.
Pista ALATA Moore Moore, 1909z, p. 273; Monro, 19338, p. 1066.
Thirteen typical specimens. The majority are in tubes con- structed of fine sandy mud, but in one case the tube is coated with shelly material.
PIstA FRATRELLA Chamberlin Chamberlin, 1919, p. 18. Four poorly preserved specimens. Two dredged in Monterey say in 50 to 60 fms.; the others from “holdfast of kelp” (origin unrecorded ).
THELEPUS SETOSUS (Quatrefages ) Fauvel, 1927, p. 273; Berkeley, E. & C., 1939, p. 342. Two specimens, one of them from Santa Cruz Is. The speci- men from Newport Bay had Lepidametria gigas (Johnson) with it as commensal.
In our 1939 paper we expressed the opinion that Th.setosus (Ofges) was identical with Th.crispus Johnson, More recently we have examined some specimens of the latter species and have satished ourselves that this opinion is erroneous. The differ- ences are discussed in a paper on the polychaeta of Western Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands now in pre- paration,
Ol ws)
TTEREBELLIDES STROEMI Sars Fauvel, 1927, p. 291.
Four specimens, dredged in 5 to 17 fms. The average length of the specimens is about 35 mm.
Lorm1a MoNTAGUI (Grube)
Marenzeller, 1884, p. 205; McIntosh, 1922, p. 147; lexeddelleyy, Id, we (Cy, WSS, jo 7739;
Two small, badly preserved specimens. Most of the thoracic uncini are 5-fanged, some 6-fanged. The uncinus has no pro- nounced sub-rostral tooth. A note with one of the specimens records that Parapinnivia affinis was found with it as commensal. The other had a specimen of Arctonoe pulchra (Johnson) put up with it, which, presumably, was also a commensal. This is an unusual association.
STREBLOSOMA BAIRDI (Malmgren) auiviely 1927 sy 927-5:
Thirteen specimens, three of which are from Santa Cruz Is. Seven of the specimens are only 5 to 10 mm. long and not more than 1 mm. wide. We regard these as young forms of S. bairdi rather than mature individuals of S. crassibranclhia Treadwell (1914, p. 208), which is a small form and is recorded from the collection of the University of California with locality of origin indicated as uncertain, because of the forms of the capillaries and uncini,
One of the larger specimens is in its tube, which is very fragile, heavily whorled, and incrusted with fine particles of micaceous sand. A single example of this species has been re- corded from Friday Harbour, Washington (Weese, 1932) ; ex-
cept this we know of no previous record from the N. E. Pacific area,
AUIS A Bie ArTs: DEMONAX LEuCASPIs Kinberg Monro, 1933p, p. 1075 (with synonymy ).
Two small specimens from Santa Cruz Is. This is the form recorded from Alaska (Bush, 1904, p. 200) and from the Nanaimo region (Berkeley, 1930, p. 70) as Parasabella media Bush. It is characterized by the broadly lanceolate setae which accompany the bladed capillaries in the thoracic notopodium,
PSEUDOPOTAMILLA OCCELATA Moore Moore, 1905, p. 559; Hartman, 1938r, p. 26 (with SVNONYMY ). A number of specimens some of which are very small. All from Santa Cruz Is.
54
BRANCHIOMMA MUSHAENSIS Gravier Monro, 19338, p. 1078 (with synonymy). A single specimen from rocky shore, La Jolla. The tube is incrusted with coarse shelly sand.
BRANCHIOMMA BURRARDUM Berkeley Berkeley, 1930, p. 71.
Two small, but typical, specimens dredged in 50 to 60 fms. in Monterey Bay. Both have the spatulate thoracic setae which characterize the younger forms of this species.
Monro suggests (19338, p. 1078) that this species and B. bioculatum Ehlers may be synonymous, but, judging by Ehler’s (1887, p. 260) description of the latter, there are differences in the number and character of the eyes, in the shape of the collar lobes, and in that of the thoracic uncini.
We are unable to follow the suggestion of synonymy of the present species with Pseudopotamilla splendida Moore which is made by Hartman (1938r, p. 27) since the latter species has no eyes.
BBANCHIOMMA ROULEI Gravier Gravier, 1909, p. 655.
Two specimens; one from “holdfast of seaweed’, the other
dredged in 12 to 17 fms.
MyxIcoLa AESTHETICA (Claparede) Fauvel, 1927, p. 344.
Two specimens dredged in Monterey Bay in 5 fms.
MyxIcoLA INFUNDIBULUM (Reénier) Fauvel, 1927, p. 342. Myxicola pacifica Johnson, 1901, p. 431. Myxicola monacis Chamberlin, 1919a, p. 20.
Three specimens, 50 mm., 70 mm., and 85 mm. long respec- tively. The points of differentiation between 1. monacis and M. pacifica described by Chamberlin seem to come within the limits of variation. Both agree with VW. infundibulum, Hartman (1938r, p. 19) confirms this.
CHONE INFUNDIBULIFORMIS Kroyer Fauvel, 1927, p. 334.
A single small specimen. We recorded this species from Elkhorn Slough, California (1935, p. 774). This was the first record from the west coast of N. America. It has been found since in the Nanaimo region.
FAMILY SERPULIDAE SERPULA VERMICULARIS Linné Ratvel, 1927, p. 351. Serpula columbiana, Johnson, 1901, p. 432. A single specimen from Santa Cruz Is.
D5
HypROIDES NoRVEGICA (Gunnerus) Wwenbarell, W277, i, D038 INO a, IZ, jo, SS,
A few almost straight tubes from “piling at Newport Bay”. From these we were able to extract one complete and one in- complete animal. The complete specimen agrees closely with the descriptions of this species given by Fauvel and Rioja.
HypROIDES UNCINATA (Philippi) Ratively 927, sp. 357e A single example from “holdfast of seaweed”.
SALMACINA DYSTERI (Huxley) var. TRIBRANCHIATA (Moore) Monro, 19338, p. 1090. Filograna tribranchiata, Moore, 1923, p. 250.
Several tube masses from Corona Del Mar, Monterey Bay, and Santa Cruz Is. Some dredged in 5 to 17 fms. Most of the tubes were empty, but a few animals extracted from material from each locality have the distinctive character Moore described.
APOMATUS TIMSII Pixell lerecebl, WI, oy; HY A single specimen dredged in 50 to 60 fms. in Monterey Bay. Al, ampulliferus Philippi seems to differ from this species only in
the more anterior incidence of the thoracic bladed sickle setae characteristic of the genus.
PROTULA TUBULARIA (Montagu) Fauvel, 1927, p. 382.
A single specimen taken from the gravity tank of the salt water system of the laboratory at Corona Del Mar. Monro (1933B, p. 1088) records a variety balboensis of this species from Panama which differs very little from the stem species. Excepting this, the species has not been recorded from the N. E. Pacific, but there are two records of it from Japan (Fauvel, 1936, p. 89 and Okuda, 1938, p. 104), in both cases from aquarium tanks.
SPIROBRANCHUS SPINOSUS Moore Moore, 1923, p. 248.
Sixteen specimens, eleven of which are from Santa Cruz Is. The operculum is as described by Moore except that, in the case of some of the specimens from Santa Cruz Is., the armature is more complex, consisting of four long compound spines and two short spiny bosses. There are two kinds of collar setae, char- acteristic bayonet-shaped ones and the small tapering spines des- cribed by Moore. The former type were doubtless lost from his specimen. Monro (19338, p. 1080) surmises this to have been the case and suggests that S. spinosus is identical with S. gigan- teus Pallas, a widely distributed species of warmer seas. This
56
would seem probable but that no specimen of S. spinosus is yet known which approaches the size of S. giganteus. The latter is said to reach a length of some 80 mm. Moore’s specimen of S. spinosus was 23 mm. long and the largest in this collection is between 25 and 30 mm.
CRUCIGERA WEBSTERI Benedict Benedict, 1886, p. 550.
One specimen from “boat bottom,’ Newport Bay. Monro (19338, p. 1079) suggests that C. sygophera Johnson may be a synonym of this species. We do not think this is the case. We have examined many specimens of C. sygophera and find that the number of radii of the operculum, though variable, never exceeds 30. In the present species there are, according to Bene- dict, about 50, and this is approximately the number in our specimen. The projections on the stem of the operculum are en- tirely different in the two species. In C. zygophera there are three, two long and equal ones projecting laterally and a third on the opposite side of the stem which is little more than a boss and may be concave. In C. websteri there are four, all of about equal length and all projecting laterally forming a symmetrical cross, as figured by Benedict (Pl. 21, fig. 24). Finally, the tubes differ materially. That of C. sygophera varies from an almost smooth condition to an angulated one of more or less complexity, but there are never definite serrated ridges such as characterize that of C. websteri.
SPIROBIS MARIONI Caullery and Mesnil Caullery and Mesnil, 1897, p. 199.
Several specimens from an aquarium tank at the laboratory, Corona Del Mar. Agreement with this species is good except that the operculum is somewhat simpler than it is represented in Caullery and Mesnil’s figure. This shows a rather heavy central column, which is represented in our specimens by only a low boss,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Arwidsson, I. 1922. Kung. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handlingar. Vol. 63.
Ashworth, J. H. 1915. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh. Vol. 50, Pt. 2.
Benedict, J. E. 1886. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 9. Berkeley, E. 1923. Contr. Can. Biol. new ser. Vol. 1. 1924. Contr. Can. Biol.new ser. Vol. 2, Pt. 1. 1927. Contr. Can. Biol. new ser. Vol. 3, No. 17. 1929. Contr. Can. Biol. new ser. Vol. 4, No. 22. 1930. Contr. Can. Biol. new ser. Vol. 6, No. 5. Berkeley, E. & C. 1932. Contr. Can. Biol. Ser. A. Vol. 7, No. 24. 1935. Am. Midland Naturalist. Vol. 16. 1936. Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 10, Vol. 18. 19388A. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 11, Vol. 1.
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1938B. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 11, Vol. 1.
1939. Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 11, Vol. 3. Bush, K.
1904. Harriman Alaska Exp. N. Y. Vol. 12. Caullery, M. and F. Mesnil.
1896. Bull. ‘Sci. France et Belgique. Vol. 30. Chamberlin, R. V.
1918. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. Vol. 31.
1919A. Pomona Coll. J. Ent. and Zool. Vol. 11.
1919B. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard. Vol. 63, No. 6. Ehlers, E.
1868. ‘Die Borstenwtirmer.” Leipzig.
1887. Mems. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard. Vol. 15.
1901. Festschr. d.k. Ges.d. Wiss. z. Gottingen. Berlin.
Essenberg, G. 1917. Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 16.
Fauvel, P. 1923. “Faune de France.” Vol. 5. 1927. ‘“‘Faune de France.” Vol. 16. 1928. Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris. Vol. 34. 1932. Mems. Indian Mus. Calcutta. Vol. 12. 1934. Annot. Zool. Japonenses. Vol. 14.
1935. Memoriae Pont. Acad. Scient. Nov. Lyncaei. Ser. 3, Vol.
1936. Mems. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ. Ser. B, Vol. 12. 1939. Siboga-Expedite. Mon. 24. Gravier, C. 1909. Arch. Zool. Exp. Ser. 4, Vol. 10. Hamilton, W. 1915. J. Ent. and Zool. Pomona Coll. Vol. 7.
Hartman, O. 1936A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 83. 1936B. J. Washington Acad. Sci. Vol. 26, No. 1. 1938A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 86. 1938B. J. Washington Acad. Sci. Vol. 28, No. 1. 1938C. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 85. 1938D. Univ. California Pubs. Zool. Vol. 48. 1938E. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard. Vol. 85. 1939A. Allan Hancock Pacific Exps. Vol. 7, No. 1. 1939B. Smithsonian Misc. Colls. Vol. 98, No. 13. 1940. Allan Hancock Pacific Exps. Vol. 7, No. 3. Johnson, H. P. 1897. Proc. California Acad. Sci. Ser. 8. Zool. Vol. 1. 1901. Proc. Boston \Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 29. Malmgren, A. J. 1865. Ofv. K. Vet-Akad. Forhand. No.5. 1867. Ofv. K. Vet-Akad. Forhand. No. 4.
Marenzeller, EK.
1879. Denks. Math-Naturwiss. Cl. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Vol. 41. 1884. Denks. Math-Naturwiss. Cl. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Vol. 49.
McIntosh, W. C.
1885. “Challenger” Reps. Zool. Vol. 12.
1900. “Monograph of the British Annelids.” Pt. 2.
1922. “Monograph of the British Annelids.” Vol. 4, Pt. 1. Mesnil, F.
1896. Bull. Sci. d.l. France et d.l. Belgique. Vol. 29. Monro. CC sAn
1924. J. Linn. Soc. London. Zool. Vol. 36.
1928A. J. Linn. Soc. London. Zool. Vol. 36.
1928B. Saertryk. af Vidensk. Medd. fra Densk. Naturh. Foren.
Vol. 85.
58
1933A. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. Pt. 1. 1933B. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. Pt. 4. 1936. “Discovery” Reps. Vol. 12. 1937. John Murray Exp. Sci. Reps. Vol. 4, No. 8. Moore, J. P. 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909B, 1910, 1911, 1923, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 1909A. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 37.
Okuda, S. 1936A. Annotat. Zool. Japonenses. Vol. 15. 1936B. Bull. Biogeo. Soc. Japan. Vol. 6, No. 14. 1937. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. Ser. 6, Zool. Vol. 5. 1938. Jap. J. of Zool. Vol. 8, No. 1.
Pixell, H.
1912. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. Rots es AV
1914. Proc. Zool. Soc., London. Rioja, E.
1923. Trab. del Mus. Nac. de Cienc. Nat. Ser, Zool, No. 48. Schmarda, L. 1861. ‘“‘Neue wirbellose Thiere.” Leipzig. Seidler, H. 1924. Arch. Naturg. Vol. 89. (Abt. A. Heft 11). Soderstrom, A. 1920. Inaug. Diss. Uppsala. Southern, R. 1914. Proc. R. Irish Acad. Vol. 31. Treadwell, A. 1906. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. Vol. 23, Pt. 3. 1914. Univ. California Publ. Zool. Vol. 13. 1922. Carnegie Inst. of Washington. Pub. No. 312. 1931. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 80, Art. 2. 1937. Zoologica. Vol. 22. Weese, A. O. 1932. Oklahoma Acad. of Sci. Vol. 13.
Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C., Canada
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES Figs. 1 to 3. Sthenelanella atypica sp. n. Neurosetae from 2nd setiger.
Fig. 4. Loandalia fauveli sp. n. Anterior region.
Fig. 5. Loandalia fauveli sp. n. Highth setiger.
Fig. 6. Loandalia fauveli sp. n. Notopodium of posterior region. Fig. 7. Aricia macginitii sp. n. Subuluncinus.
Fig. 8. Aricia macginitii sp. n. Crotchet.
Fig. 9. Aricia macginitii sp. n. Spine.
Fig.10. Aricia macginitii sp. n. Pygidium.
Fig. 11. Nerinides acuta (Treadwell). Base of tentacle.
Fig. 12. Nerinides acuta (Treadwell). Posterior parapodium.
Fig. 138. Nerinides acuta (Treadwell). Ventral crochet.
Fig. 14. Nerinides acuta (Treadwell). Pygidium.
Fig. 15. Mesochaetopterus rickettsii sp. n. Anterior portion of median region.
Fig. 16. Mesochaetopterus rickettsii sp. n. Tip of notopodial capillary from posterior region.
Fig.17. Tharyx sp.? Long ventral seta from anterior region.
Fig. 18. Tharyx sp.? Ventral seta from posterior region.
59
Polychaeta—E. & C. Berkeley.
Bull. So. Calif. Ac. Sci., vol. xi, part 1, 1941.
03mm.
Me ares Ae
JW Apres oes
== ao l= Ss
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03mm.
See IN Or LAE
- Southern California Be acerny of Sciences
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Part 2
CONTENTS
oe LIST OF THE ANTS OF CALIFORNIA WITH NOTES ON ; THEIR HABITS AND DISTRIBUTION—Arnold Mallis - ~
i By CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE LOS ANGELES MUSEUM - CHANNEL ISLANDS BIOLOGICAL SURVEY: 20. Turee New Firas—G. F, Augustson - - - - = = =
PAC ¥, ey é
21. New PLANTS rrom THE CHANNEL ISLANDS—M. B. Dunkle
‘THE LARVA OF POLITES MANATAAQUA~V. G. Dethier - -
¥ LIFE HISTORY OF RAPHIA CINDERELLA (LEPIDOPT.) —John A. Comstock - Re NG a dl han ad At ca aM wd A
Issued October 25, 1941
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A LIST OF THE ANTS OF CALIFORNIA WITH NOTES ON THEIR HABITS AND DISTRIBUTION
By ARNOLD MALtis
INTRODUCTION
California, within her ample borders, contains areas of the greatest topographic and climatic diversity. Her seashores, her deserts, her mountains, her valleys, all support a fauna and flora that have been a constant source of joy to those individuals who delight in an abundant Nature. Ants, ever six-legged child- ren of opportunity, respond to this diversity with an abundance of individuals and a profusion of forms.
it is to the foremost “ant-man” of our time, the late Dr. Wiliam Morton Wheeler, that we must acknowledge a debt of gratitude for much of our information on the ants of California. Although Dr. Wheeler was extremely interested in the California Formicidae, as evidenced by the number of his visits to this state, he naturally could devote his talents to but restricted areas, and thus, there are still great expanses where not a stone has been upturned or a nest excavated by that bipedal anteater, the myrmecologist.
@itterss such as G Mayr, 7. Pergande, C. Emery, A. Forel, W. M. Mann, C. W. Woodworth, P. Leonard, M. R. Smith, W. S. Creighton, A. C. Cole, Jr. and the author, have concerned them- selves with the ants in California to a lesser or greater degree. Yet, despite the efforts of all these, the lacunae in our knowl- edge of the California Formicidae are amazingly wide and abysmally deep.
In the pages to come, the writer proposes to summarize the available information on the ants of California, and wherever possible, to enlarge these contributions with his own observations. Where there is but one locality record for an ant in California, with the exception of the type localities, it would appear advis- able to question the presence of this ant in California until further verification.
Invaluable aid was given to the author in the preparation of this annotated list by the eminent ant authority, Dr. M. R. Smith. The writer is also greatly indebted to Prof. E. O. Essig for constantly encouraging him in his studies on the ants. Drs. W. S. Creighton and A. C. Cole, Jr., kindly classified a number of the ants. Mr. J. Schwartz, who accompanied the author on his many collecting trips, as well as numerous other individuals recorded in the following pages, all rendered valuable service by the collections that they made.
61
LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL
CARBEN
NOTES ON THE ANTS
FAMILY FORMICIDAE
Subfamily DoryLInar Genus Eciton Latreille
Eciton (Acamatus) califormcum Mayr
The nomadic army or legionary ants are for the greater part collected in the vicinity of Sacramento and the San Francisco Bay District. They are most active during the night when they prey upon insects gathered about lights. The writer has observed them to invade and pillage the nests of Tetramorium caespitum (L.). In rare instances they have been known to enter homes in Sacramento. For more extensive notes on the habits of this species, see Mallis (1938b.).
Localities: Palo Alto (H. Heath), Sacramento (Sewell), Davis (A. Mailis).
Eciton (A.) leonardi Wheeler
Three workers were taken by P. Leonard on Point Loma, near San Diego. This is the type locality.
Eciton (A.) minus Cresson
The winged males are often collected around lights in South- ern California on warm summer evenings.
Localities: Alhambra (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Monrovia (J. Schwartz).
Eciton (A.) opacithorax Emery Locality: Las Cruces Mts. (H. Heath).
Eciton (A.) sumichrasti Norton
Our only information on the occurrence of this ant in Cali- fornia is the statement by P. Leonard (1911) that the workers of this species raided a nest of Myrmecocystus mexicanus mojave Wheeler in Point Loma, near San Diego. <A later notation cites the fact that his ants were classified by Wheeler.
Subfamily PoNERINAE Genus Stigmatomma Roger
Stigmatomma pallipes oregonense Wheeler
This ant, in the two instances that it was collected, was found beneath stones in moist and shaded situations. The two collec- tions resulted in the capture of only 3 ants.
Localities: Napa Co. (A. Mallis), Berkeley Campus (J. MacSwain).
62
Genus Ponera Latreille
Ponera ergatandria Forel
J. Schwartz and the author collected this ponerine species under two rocks near Devil’s Gate Dam, Pasadena. The soil was very moist, and the rocks were situated where much leaf mold had accumulated. Although the ground beneath the rocks was dug up, the nest was not found.
Ponera trigona var. opacior Forel
The author found this ant around the foundations of two homes in Bakersfield. In one case it was present in the moist soil beneath leaf mold that had accumulated near the foundation. The ants made small openings, about the size of a pinhead, in the ground. When these were excavated, the nest was not found, but 7 workers were collected.
Localities: Weed (A. C. Cole, Jr.), Bakersfield (A. Mallis).
Subfamily PsEUDOMYRMINAE Genus Pseudomyrma Guerin
Pseudomyrma pallida (F. Smith) E. P. Van Duzee collected this ant by beating willow. localities; Potholes, Imperial Co; ((E.) RP: Van Duzee);
Ukiah (F. H. Wymore), San Diego Co.
Subfamily MyrMIcINAE
Genus Pogonomyrmex Mayr
Pogonomyrmex (P.) barbatus var. nigresecens Wheeler
J. Schwartz and the author found a nest of this variety in an unshaded area near a cultivated field some 10 miles south of Riverside. Within a radius of 18 in. there were 5 entrances, each about 1% in. in diameter. There were no craters around any of the entrances. The ants were rather mild compared to some other species in the genus. Thysanura were found running in and out of the entrance.
Pogonomyrmex (P.) barbatus curvispinosus Cole. This subspecies was collected in Riverside by A. C. Cole, Jr.
Pogonomyrmex (P.) barbatus rugosus Emery
Cole (1934) notes that the external evidence of the nests of this subspecies is merely a flat disc of gravel or sand, around which the ants clear the vegetation.
Type Locality: San Jacinto (T. Pergande).
Localities: Riverside (H. J. Quayle), Elsinore (C. F. Baker), Lakeside, Palm Springs, Jacumba (Wheeler), Needles (F. M. Carpenter), Victorville (E. C. Jaeger), San Diego (J. D. S-), Point Loma (P. Leonard), Perris (J. C. Bradley), Goffs (Cockerell).
Pogonomyrmex (P.) californicus (Buckley ) This is the ant whose sting is so respected by the inhabitants of Southern California, It constructs nests of low flat craters
63
some 6 in. across, or simple holes in the ground, and are usually found in dry arid country, The workers are very pugnacious, especially on hot days, and when disturbed near the nest. Cole (1932b) observed them harvesting seeds in the Mojave })esert in the early morning and late evening hours. They will also work at night. During the midday the nest will be closed with sand or pebbles and the ants will be found in shallow chambers from one to several feet beneath the surface of the soil. The dealated queens are often seen running about on the soil in July. Localities: Lakeside, Claremont, Arroyo Seco, Pasadena, Needles, Coyote Wells, Saugas, Laguna Beach, Jacumba (Wheeler), San Jacinto (Pergande), Point Loma (P. Leonard), Upland, Lompoc, Mission, San Diego (J. C. erie) San Pedro (Cockerell), Altamont (McLane), ae Beach (H. Andrews), Mojave (Cole), Carbon Canyon (J. Shiver). Borego Valley (J. Rayner), Los Angeles Ce Malis), San Gabriel Cary on, Big Tujunga Canyon, New hall, Alhambra (A. Mallis), Sierra Valley.
Pogonomyrmex (P.) californicus var. hindleyi Forel Type Locality: Escondido (E. Hindley). Locality: Elsinore (Craft).
Pogonomyrmex (P.) californicus estebanius Pergande
This beautiful ant with the blackish abdomen was found conveying seeds to a nest situated at the base of a shrub. There was no mound, and the sand was piled several inches from the nest opening which was irregular in shape and % in. in diameter, The nest was located in the sandy soil of an open, arid country. Cole (1934) noted that brood and seed chambers were often interspersed throughout the mounds, and that the winged forms, particularly the males were found in a nest during July.
Localities: Mojave, Needles, Palm Springs, Hidden Springs Canyon, Little San Bernardino Mts. (Wheeler), Victorville (Jaeger), Otis, Mojave Desert, Perris, Indio (J. C. Bradley), El Centro (Cornell Expedition), Big Bear Lake (G. Ferguson), udlows (An (€. Coleaiir:). Sherwin Hill, near Bee @RESVIE Bohart), near Palmdale (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Coachella Valley.
Pogonomyrmex (P.) californicus longinodis Emery T. Pergande collected the types in the Colorado Desert of California, Pogonomyrmex (P.) californicus maricopa Wheeler Localities: Needles (Wheeler), Brawley (J. C. Bradley), El Centro (Cornell Univ. Exped.).
Pogonomyrmex (P.) desertorum Wheeler Cole (1934) observed a colony in the sandy soil along the Colorado River, near Needles, Calif,
Pogonomyrmex (P.) huachucanus Wheeler A nest of this species was found by Cole (1934) in the
64
Mojave Desert near Needles. He observed that the nest con- sisted of a minute crater mound in the sand, and that the colony was small and the workers were sluggish.
Pogonomyrmex (P.) occidentalis Cresson Wocaliuy-. Weed (A. Cy Cole, Jr.)
Pogonomyrmex (P.) salinus Olsen Soda Springs, eee is the type locality for this species, and the ant was collected by E. C. Jaeger.
Pegonomyrmex (P.) subdentatus Mayr
The author observed this ant in Davis. The queens were most abundant during February, March, April, and October when they were seen excavating nests in the soil, The nests are mere holes in the ground without any craters. Apparently the colonies are not as populous as some of our other forms, Although the queens may be found in great numbers at certain times of the year, the number of colonies are very few due to the depreda- tions of the Argentine ant. The females are often seen walking around in a very curious manner with their abdomens curled far beneath them. The workers are not very aggressive, and harvest seeds from the neighboring weeds, They will at times sink their mandibles into a leaf, shake it, and thus force the nearby seeds to fall earthwards. On one occasion they were observed to be quite active during noon hour of a cold day in November.
ae Sany Jacinto) (GE bleath) PacherGroven (jC: Bradley), Palo Alto (W. M. Mann), Davis (T. W. Cook), Laguna B ae @\VWiheeler): Mojave. “i echachapi (AY €: Coler [r: Gani (Silvestri), Long Beach (H. Andrews), Davis ( Mallis).
Pogonomyrmex (P.) subnitidus Emery
Cole (1934) found a small mound on a gently-sloping hill- side in the Mojave Desert.
Type Locality: San Diego Co. (T. Pergande).
Localities: Mt. Lowe, Arroyo Seco near Altadena, Tejon Pass, Del Mar, Warren’s in San Diego Co. (Wheeler), Los Gatos Ganyon, Diablo Range (J.C. Bradley), La Jolla (C. T. Brues), Mojave Desert (A. C. Cole, Jr.)
’
) ) A.
Genus Myrmica Latreille
Myrnica (M.) bradleyi Wheeler
The writer found the craters of this ant in Yosemite Valley. The perfectly shaped mounds which are about /% in. in height were situated in unshaded, sandy soil. This species is also known to nest beneath rocks. Asa whole, it appears to be a slow-moving ant that is easily collected,
Type Locality: Alta meadows, in Tulare Co. (J. C. Bradley).
Localities: Glacier Point in Yosemite, 8000 feet. and Tallac near Lake Tahoe, 6000 feet, (Wheeler), Yosemite Valley, Bass Lake in Madera Co. (A. Mallis).
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Myrmica (M.) brevinodis var. sulcinodoides Emery Localities: Lake Tahoe, 6000 feet (Wheeler), Sisson (Sil- vestri).
‘Myrmica (M.) parasitica Creighton
Creighton (1934) collected the types on Polly Dome, 8600 feet, on the Tioga Pass Road in Yosemite National Park. The nest was found in a gravel pocket, and the following notes are his: “When first discovered only five parasitica workers were taken since, at that time, the author had nothing with which to excavate the nest. These five workers together with a number of workers of the host, bradleyi, were taken back to camp alive and the relations between the two species observed. These were to every appearance perfectly normal, the parasitica workers taking their share of the activities and being treated as ordinary nest mates by the bradleyi workers”. “As the matter stands it is impossible to state with certainty whether the new species is a slave maker or a temporary social parasite.”
Myrmica (M.) scabrinodis schencki var. tahoensis Wheeler.
Wheeler (1917a.) collected the types at Lake Tahoe (Tallac, Angora Lake, Glen Alpine Springs, Fallen Leaf Lake). He ob- served that the colonies were small and that they are to be found under stones in shady places.
Genus STENAMMA Westwood Stenamma brevicorne diecki Emery Locality : Pacific Grove (H. Heath).
Stenamma brevicorne heathi Wheeler
Wheeler (1915) described the types from a single colony collected in King’s River Canyon by H. Heath. He believes that this form may possibly rank as a distinct species when the winged forms are collected. ;
Stenamma brevicorne sequoiarum Wheeler
H. Heath who collected the types of this subspecies found them nesting under stones among the large redwood trees in Muir Woods.
Stenamma nearcticum Mayr There is no information concerning this ant other than the type locality, which is California.
Genus APHAENOGASTER Aayr Aphaenogaster (A.) patruelis bakeri Wheeler Wheeler (1904) described this subspecies from the workers of two colonies collected by C. F. Baker on Catalina Island in the spring of 1904. Aphaenogaster (A.) patruehs willowsi Wheeler Wheeler (1934a) described this subspecies from ants col-
lected on San Nicolas Island, one of the Santa Barbara Islands off California. M. Willows was the collector,
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Aphaenogaster (A.) subterranea occidentalis Emery
This subspecies is widely distributed throughout the State from sea level to 6000 feet, and was found by the author at an altitude of 3000 feet at Bass Lake, Madera Co., beneath pine needles. The ants were slow, and when disturbed, hid in crevices.
Localities: Pacific Grove, Mt. Tamalpais, Yosemite, Lake Tahoe (Wheeler), Palo Alto, King’s River Canyon (H. Heath), Corte Madera Creek, Santa Cruz Mts. (W. M. Mann), Yuba City (T. D. Urbahms), Colusa (A. Mallis), Mountain View.
Genus NovoMessor Emery
Novomessor cockerelli (Ern. Andre)
Cole (1934) states that they are common in the deserts near 3arstow, Ludlow, and Tehachapi where they construct large, rude, crater nests of pebbles with a single, large, irregular nest entrance.
Genus VEROMEsSOR Forel Veromessor andrei (Mayr)
Veromessor andrei (Mayr) ranges from the extreme north of California to as far south as San Diego, and usually in less arid country than Il’. pergandei (Mayr). Asa rule it constructs no craters, although crater mounds may be found near Bakers- field, Calif. J. Schwartz and the author observed this species emerging in enormous numbers from a nest situated between the crevices of a boulder well-imbedded in the ground. This boulder was located in rocky, hilly country. The workers of andrei do not approach the pronounced polymorphism found in pergandei. These ants forage in long, often winding files, and gather seeds which they store in their nests. A ring of chaff often surrounds their nest entrance. Mann (1911b) found the ant cricket, MW yr- mecophila oregonensis Bruner, and the Scarabs Cremastochilus pilisicolus Horn and Cremastochilus schaumi Lec, as_ their guests.
Type Locality; California.
Localities: Antelope in Sacramento Valley (C. D. Cook), Berkeley, La Jolla, San Ysidro, Tejon Pass (Wheeler), Clare- mont (C. F. Baker), Edendale, Perris, Ramona, Whittier (J. C. 3radley), Eldridge (J. A. Kusche), Laguna Beach (E. O. Essig), Palo Alto (H. Heath and I, McCracken), Point Loma, San Diego (Wheeler), Riverside (H. J. Quayle), Santa Catalina Island (C. F. Baker), Weaverville (W. S. Creighton), Sacra- mento, Tehachapi, Bakersfield, Sequoia Nat’l Park (A. C. Cole, Jr.), Brentwood (A. Mallis), Pico Canyon near Newhall, Carbon Canyon in Orange Co. (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Descanso, Santa Isabel, San Jacinto. i
Veromessor andrei castaneus Wheeler and Creighton
Wheeler (1934) collected a large series of workers at Jacumba, and San Diego, in Southern California, which are the type localities.
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Veromessor andrei flavus Wheeler and Creighton The tvpes were collected by Wheeler (1934) at Jacumba in Southern California.
Veromessor chamberlin (Wheeler )
Wheeler (1915) described this species from 18 workers col- lected by R. V. Chamberlin on Santa Cruz Island, off the coast of California.
Veromessor pergander (Mayr)
The beauty of this jet-black, patent-leather-colored ant when active in the field, will always arouse the admiration of the col- lector, The workers vary greatly in size, and form crater-like nests with one or several large oblong or oval openings in very arid, and often adobe-like soil. These nests are often, but not always, surrounded by a ring of chaff, and Wheeler (1934) has found them to extend to a depth of 2 feet, The ants move swiftly and are active during the hottest time of the day in regions where the summer temperatures may go as high as 130° F. While they move in long files, they may be observed collecting seeds from the desert shrubs. In the field they will often run into some species of Pogonomyrex, and the contact does not reveal the slightest hostility on the part of either ant. Apparently they are better adapted for dry-arid conditions than ’. andrei (Mayr) as is evidenced by their desert distribution. The author has on occasions observed a small Tenebrionid emerging from the nest of this insect.
Type Locality: California.
Localities: Mojave (J. C. Bradley and A. Wetmore), Apple Valley (E. C. Jaeger), Santa Barbara (F. E. Clements), Palm Springs, Needles, Lakeside, Claremont, (W. M. Wheeler), Coa- chella Valley (S. F. Light), Elsinore (C. F. Baker), Otis, Perris Gi C. Bradley), Victorville CW. S. Creighton), Fresno (Gaver Woodworth), Corona (F. Platt), Borego Valley in Little Colo- rado Desert (J. Rayner), Barstow, Ludlow (A. C. Cole) jm: Bakersfield (A. Mallis), Palm Canyon (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Salton Sea, San Jacinto, Moore Canyon, Menifee, San Diego Co. (No Collector).
Veromessor stoddardi (Emery) Type Locality: San Diego Co. (Pergande). Locality: Jacumba near Mexican border (W. M. Wheeler).
Genus PHEIDOLE Westwood
Pheidole (Ph.) barbata Wheeler
Wheeler (1908a) described this species from a single soldier and several workers that he collected from a small crater nest on the Mojave desert near Needles. Pheidole (Ph.) californica Mayr
The tiny workers and the soldiers with their comparatively huge heads are frequently found in California. They nest under stones, boards, in oak galls, and are known to form small craters
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in the sandy soil. Cole (1934) notes that this ant is a true har- vester for he found seeds stored in the nest, and chaff around the crater peripheries. Mann (1911b) observed that Solenopsis molesta (probably var. validiuscula Emery) shares the nest with this ant. A Staphylinid guest, Conosoma heathi \WWasmann also occurs here.
Type Locality: San Francisco.
Wocalities> (Palo, Alto (HH. Heath, WM. Mann, W. M. Wheeler), Brookdale, Santa Cruz Island (R. V. Chamberlin), INeedies (A. C. Cole, Jr.), Devil’s Gate Dam, Pasadena (A. Mallis, J. Schwartz, ie en Griffith Park in Los Angeles (A. Mallis and H. Taylor), Ukiah in Mendocino Co, (No leak lector).
Pheidole (Ph.) californica var. incenata Wheeler H. Heath collected the types (soldiers and workers) at alowwiton Calit,
Pheidole (Ph.) californica var. satura Wheeler
Wheeler (1915) described this variety from workers and soldiers collected on Santa Cruz Island, California, by R. V. Chamberlin, and at Palo Alto, California, by H. Heath.
Pheidole (Ph.) californica oregonica Emery Cole (1934) found a small colony of these ants nesting under a flat rock near Weed, California.
Pheidole (Ph.) grallipes Wheeler
J. Schwartz and the author found a nest at the very base of a shrub on a sandy arid slope in Mint Canyon, The entrance to the nest was an irregular opening about 1 in. by 1% in. in diameter, and somewhat hidden by the branches of the shrub. Upon disturbing the nest, the workers commenced to appear, but they made no attempt to sting. Later, two soldiers were captured. The nest was so situated that the excavated earth sloped downwards several inches from the entrance. Pergande described the above species as Ph, susannae race longipes, which name Wheeler found to be preoccupied,
Localities: La Jolla (H. Andrews), San Jacinto (Emery), Lakeside (Wheeler), Mint Canyon in Los Angeles Co. (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz).
Pheidole (Ph.) hyatti Emery
Pheidole hyatti Emery, commonly known as the “big-headed”’ ants, are often a pest in Southern California, and in the Sacra- mento and San Joaquin Valleys. They invade the kitchens, and are usually found foraging around the sink. Solenopsis xyloni maniosa Wheeler, when present, may drive /yatti from the vicin- ity and then invade the house in their stead. The big-headed ants nest under the siding and in and around cracks in the concrete steps. Out in the field they are very commonly found nesting under rocks, and may form crater nests about the roots of
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chaparral. Terapus infernalis (Fall), a Histerid, is often found as a guest in the nests of this ant.
Localities: San Jacinto (Pergande), Catalina Island (C. F. Baker), Livermore (G. Ferguson), Griffith Park in Los Angeles, BK. Bakersfield (A Mallis), Devil’s Gate Dam, Pasadena (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz).
Pheidole (Ph.) hyatti solitanea Wheeler
Wheeler (1915) described this subspecies from some work- ers and soldiers that he collected on Point Loma, near San Diego, and from a soldier and three females collected in the same locality by P. Leonard. The writer collected the workers in Griffith Park in Los Angeles.
Pheidole (Ph.) xerophila pacifica Wheeler
The habits of this ant are known only from Wheeler’s (1915) notes which are presented here: “Described from numerous specimens of all four phases taken at Pasadena and Lakeside, Southern California, during late November, 1910. The colonies were found on dry, unshaded hills in small crater nests, the periphery of which was often covered with the discarded chaff and seed, proving that the species is a harvester. Only a few soldiers were found in each nest. The presence of males and winged females in late November shows that these phases are probably retained in the nests throughout the winter as in Preno- lepis imparis, Camponotus americanus etc., and that the nuptial flight as in these ants probably occurs in the very early spring.”
Type Locality: Pasadena and Lakeside (Wheeler).
Genus CREMATOGASTER Lund Crematogaster (Atopogyne) lineolata laeviuscula var. californica Emery
J. Schwartz and the author found enormous numbers of this ant clinging in a cluster to the underside of a stone in a rather © rocky area. Another colony was located beneath the bark of a recently-felled poplar in Bakersfield during the month of De- cember. Many of the ants appeared to be incapacitated by the cold and some of the ants were evidently dead. One live male was collected. The workers were seen emerging from the tunnels made by Cerambycid larvae, There were a number of living bark beetles and many dead workers of Solenopsis xyloni var. maniosa Wheeler under the bark of the same tree trunk.
Type Locality: Encinitas and Los Angeles (Pergande).
Localities: Auburn (U. S, Jones), Paciice Grove (@WeeME Mann), Bakersfield (A. Mallis), Big Dalton Canyon near Glen- dora (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz).
Crematogaster (A.) lineolata laeviuscula var. clara Mayr Locality: Laguna Beach (E. O. Essig).
Crematogaster (A.) lineolata coarctata Mayr The author discovered a nest of this species beneath a rock
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in Griffith Park, Los Angeles, during the month of December. But one main entrance hole was visible. The ants clung to the underside of the stone in one huge cluster. \When separated, the ants were sluggish; this was undoubtedly due to the cool weather that prevailed at this time. J. Schwartz and the author collected another colony of these ants beneath a boulder in Eaton’s Canyon, and this time there were five entrance openings into the soil. Each of these entrances were approximately 3 in. in di- ameter. —Fwo winged males, two myrmecophilous weevils, and one ant cricket were found in the nest with these ants.
Localities: Palo Alto (W. M. Mann), Oakland Hills (E. C. Van Dyke), Berkeley, Muir Woods, Napa Valley, Griffith Park in Los Angeles (A. Mallis), Eaton’s Canyon in Altadena (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz).
Crematogaster (A.) vermiculata Emery Type Locality: Los Angeles (Pergande).
Genus Monomorium Mayr
Monomorim (M.) minimum (Buckley)
In all probability, this tiny black ant was much more promi- nent until the advent of the Argentine ant. In California it is not very commonly found to invade homes as it does in the East. Essig (1926) states that they construct nests with small craters in the soil, or in rotten wood, and that they are common in the San Francisco Bay region. The writer has come upon their tiny craters, approximately 1% in. to 2 in. across in the Berkeley Hills where they were in a dry unshaded area.
Wocalities > Mojave Desert, (Cole), ‘Claremont’ (M:. R: Smith).
Monomorium (M.) minimum var. ergatogyna Wheeler
Wheeler (1904) named this ant from a series of workers collected by C. F. Baker on Catalina Island, California. The workers are smaller than the typical minimum and the females are ergatoid, that is, they lack all signs of ever having had wings. Although this variety has been reported from the mainland of California, it is possible that in some instances it has been con- fused with the typical minimum.
Type Locality: Catalina Island, California (C. F. Baker).
Localities: Berkeley, Mt. Tamalpais (A. Mallis), Los An- geles (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Sonoma Co. (S. F. Bailey).
Monomorium (M.) pharaonis (1.) Although the writer has no definite locality records of this cosmopolitan ant, it is believed to occur in this State.
Genus Solenopsis Westwood
Solenopsis (S.) geminata rufa Jerdon Wheeler (1908a) states that this subspecies occurs in small numbers in the sandy soil along the Colorado River near Needles,
71
California. Solenopsis geminata var. diabola \Wheeler is a syno- nym of the above subspecies.
Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) molesta (Say) The records of this ant in California probably refer for the most part to the very common variety validiuscula Emery.
Locality: Glendale (A. W. Smith).
Solenopsis (D.) molesta var. validiuscula Emery
It is this ant that is a common pest in homes in California, often invading the kitchen through crevices around the sink. Flere it feeds on gredses, meats, and cheese, ‘Wn ethesmeldsmit may be very common in moist grassy situations or beneath rocks in sandy, and arid areas. The males and females were observed in Los Angeles towards evening in the month of June, in great mating flights. Several pair in copula were seen upon the ground. On another occasion during the month of July the author ob- served them in enormous numbers on blades of grass in a lawn on the campus in Davis; here the neuters were very excited since workers of Eciton californicum Mayr were carrying off many of the sexual forms. Mann (1911b) observed Solenopsis molesta (Say) (probably var. validiuscula Emery) in nests with Tapi- noma sessile (Say), Camponotus sansabeanus maccooki Forel, and Prenolepis imparis (Say) (probably var. californica Whilt.), as well as in their own independent nests.
Type Locality: Los Angeles and San Jacinto (Pergande).
Localities: Sacramento (H. H. Kiefer), Oakland Hills (E. C. Van Dyke), Madison in Yolo Co. (B. E. White), Glendale (A. J. Basinger), Fairfield (S. F. Bailey), Davis, Los Angeles (A. Mallis), Little Tujunga Canyon (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Santa Inez Mts. near Santa Barbara (No Collector).
Solenopsis (D.) texana catalinae Wheeler.
Wheeler (1904) described this subspecies from several . workers and dealated females collected by C. F. Baker on Catalina Island, California, during the spring of 1904.
Solenopsis (S.) «ylon McCook Wocality= henner aca... Cole jj.)
Solenopsis (S.) xylont var. aurea Wheeler Locality: Visalia (Wheeler)
Solenopsis (S.) xyloni var. maniosa Wheeler
Of all the native ant pests in California, this is probably the most important. For a detailed account of its depredations and its control, see Mallis (1938c). It is widespread throughout Southern California and the interior valleys of California where it ranges at altitudes below 2000 feet. In the past it was un- doubtedly much more common around cities until driven away by the Argentine ants. In the field it will be found nesting under stones, cow chips, and under wood debris, or it may form sponge- like crater nests in arid areas or about the base of some plant.
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Around homes it may establish itself in cracks and crevices in the concrete foundation or steps, or directly under the home near the furnace. The ants tend Homopterous insects, and feed on foods and crops of all kinds. Because of their efficient sting they are very greatly respected. Swarming occurs most commonly from May through September, but the winged forms may be seen long before or long after this period. Their nests harbor many in- teresting Staphylinid myrmecophiles.
Type Locality: San Ysidro, near Santa Barbara (Wheeler).
Localities: Pasadena, Claremont, La Jolla, San Diego, Needles (Wheeler), Los Gatos, Mt. Diablo Range (J. C. Brad- ley), Whittier (H. J. Quayle), Visalia (Culbertson), Eaton’s Canyon, Fresno, Brookdale, Friant (R. VY. Chamberlin), Davis, Antioch, Capay, 1500 feet, Putah Canyon, Bakersfield (A. Mal- lis), Big Tujunga Canyon in Los Angeles Co., near Newhall, Mint Canyon, Palm Canyon, Los Angeles (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Alhambra (B. Hall), Fenner, Needles (A. C. Cole, lie) walacinto Barranca (J. C. Bradley).
Genus LeptoTHoRAX Mayr Leptothorax acervorum canadensis var. calderonm Forel Wheeler (1917a) states that the variety calderoni is common in nests in the bark of large pine logs and stumps often in close association, almost approaching symbiosis, with the ant Cam- ponotus herculeanus var. modoc Wheeler. Type Locality: Lake Tahoe (Wheeler).
Leptothorax andrei Emery
Mann (1911b) collected very small colonies in Palo Alto where they were either associated with Formica rufibarbis var. occidua Wheeler, or formed independent nests.
Leptothoraxy eldoradensis Wheeler
Wheeler (1915) described this species from two workers that were collected by J. C. Bradley on the summit of Mt. Wilson, near Pasadena, California.
Leptothorax nevadensis rudis Wheeler
Wheeler (1917a) described the workers and one queen from several small colonies he found beneath the edges of stones in Tenaya Canyon, Yosemite Valley, and Angora Peak, 8600 feet near Lake Tahoe.
Leptothorax mtens Emery
Wheeler (1903a) states that H. Heath found a colony of this species hibernating in a termite burrow in the ground at Pacific Grove, California, Leptothorax nitens var. heathi Wheeler
According to Wheeler (1903a) H. Heath found a colony nesting under a stone at Pacific Grove; this is the type locality. Leptothorax nitens var, mariposa Wheeler
The workers of this variety were collected by Wheeler
7 €
2. v
(1917a) under the edges of stones in dry places in Tenaya Can- yon, Yosemite Valley, the type locality.
Leptothorax rugatulus var. mediorufus Wheeler
Type Locality: Lake Tahoe (Tallac, Glen Alpine) and Camp Curry, Yosemite Valley (Wheeler).
Locality: Volcano Creek in Southern California (J. C. 3radley).
Genus TETRAMORIUM Mayr Tetramorium caespitum (L.)
According to Essig (1926) this species is fairly common in Central California along the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. The author once observed them in combat with Eciton californicum Mayr in Davis. It nests in cracks and crevices along sidewalks. Quite a number of moundless nests in sandy soil about (a in. in diameter were observed along the sides of the approach leading to the Sacramento River Badee The ants are slow-moving, and tend aphis and other honey dew-secreting insects. Essig (1926) notes that they injure many truck crop plants, and that they will also store grass seeds and feed on animal matter.
Localities: Sacramento, Davis (A. Mallis).
Genus CyPHOMYRMEX Mayr
Cyphomyrmex rimosus var. comalensis Wheeler
Woodworth (1910b) notes that this very small soil-colored ant grows a fungus in the excrement of caterpillars, in nests under rocks and logs in the dense shade of trees and shrubs. Their nests are to be found along the banks of dry and flowing streams and irrigation ditches in Southern California. It is a rather rare ant, and probably occurs for the most part in the arid regions near the Arizona border.
Locality: Southern California (Woodworth).
Cyphomyrmex wheeler Forel
Although there are no notes from California on this species, Wheeler (1907c) found this ant in Texas where it occurs in areas of great aridity, and always under stones. “Each colony comprises "ally a few dozen workers and a single dealated female except during the spring and early summer, when one finds also several eailore workers, males and females and a variable number of eggs, larva and pupa. The workers are nocturnal, at least during the warm seasons of the year, a peculiarity which is in- dicated by their yellow color. They are very slow in their move- ments and readily “feign death”. Males and females were col- lected by W heeler duce the antenna Of sume:
Locality: Three Rivers (Culbertson ).
Genus Atta Fabricius Atta (M.) versicolor Pergande
Wheeler (1907c) states that this ant builds craters of coarse sand in arroyo beds, During the intense heat of midday the
74
ants do not leave the nest, but towards evening they will slowly moye in long files and cut and carry the leaves from nearby desert shrubs. The colonies consist of but a few hundred workers who cultivate fungus gardens.
Wocalities: Yucca (Wheeler), Mojave Desert (A. C. Cole, ites)
Subfamily DoLrcHODERINAE Genus LrometorpuM Mayr Liometopum apiculatum luctuosum Wheeler
This subspecies is commonly found above altitudes of 4000 feet and appears to be associated with pine trees. The writer collected them from a dying western yellow pine (bug tree) from which sap was exuding due to the attacks of Dendroctonus sp. This is a very active and pugnacious form.
Localities: Baldy Peak in the San Gabriel Mts., 6500 feet (Brewster, Joos, Crawford) ; Tenaya Canyon in Yosemite, 5000 nec anvimecier))-: Wake Tahoe (Calderon): St. Helena (©. T. McClay); Yosemite Park, 4000 feet (A. Mallis) ; Hackamore, Modoc Co. (No Collector).
Liometopum occidentale Emery
The author has found this ant to be very widely distributed throughout the State, in the lowlands about Sacramento, in the foothills of Southern California, and at 6000 feet on Mt. Baldy. It dwells under the bark and in the cavities of trees, and is ex- tremely common along the sides of streams where it attends aphis and other honeydew-secreting insects. At times the ants may be a pest in homes by invading these in a constant annoying stream, apparently attracted by some food or other. These ants are very pugnacious, and readily swarm over any individual that disturbs them. They bite and then spray an irritating fluid into the wound; this colorless fluid is discharged when they raise their abdomens. The queens come to light in May, and have been found beneath bark. The Mirid, Dacerla inflata Uhler, will often be found running in the trails of this species, which it superfi- cially resembles in color and structure.
Type Locality: San Jacinto, 1533 feet, (Pergande).
Localities: Pasadena, Yosemite, 4000 feet, Wawona (Wheel- er), Baldy Peak in the San Gabriel Mts. (Brewster, Joos, and Crawford), Claremont (C. F. Baker and W. M. Wheeler) Coalinga, below 500 feet, Ontario, Alpine (J. C. Bradley), San Diego (Calif. Dept. Agr.), San Bernarc fae Co. (G. Ferguson), Santa Cruz (E. O. Essig), Bass Lake in Madera Co., Capay, Davis, Putah Canyon (A. Mallis), Devil’s Gate Dam in Pasadena, 31g Dalton Canyon near Glendora, Big Tujunga Canyon in Los Angeles Co., Eaton’s Canyon, Mt. Baldy, 6000 feet, Arroyo Seco in Pasadena, Pico Canyon near Newhall, Base of Mt. Baldy, 1500 feet (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Carrville in Trinity Co. (F. Platt), Fort Seward (B. E. White), Mendocino Co. (J. Helfer), Sacramento, (A. C. Cole, Jr.)
= ‘
5
Genus DoryMYRMEx Mayr Dorymyrmex pyramicus (Roger)
This very widely distributed species in California forms small crater-like nests about two to four inches across, In the lowlands, the nests are to be found in hard, vegetation-free soil, or in dry sandy areas; however, at Bass Lake, altitude 3000 feet, the nest was found some 75 feet from the lake in a grove of western yellow pine. The author has observed this Donne tending mealybugs on succulents, and in all probability they attend aphis and other scale insects. In Davis, the ants foraged until the end of November, and then disappeared during the rainy season, only to emerge at the end of February, During the hot summer months the ants cease all outside activity during the midday hours. The sexual forms were seen preparing for mating flights at the beginning of March; and the queens were found excavating their nests in April.
Localities: Davis, Bass Lake in Madera Co., Capay, Griffith Park in Los Angeles, Putah Canyon (A. Mallis), near Newhall, mear Palmdale (A. Mallis ‘and J. Schwartz) Glendale (Cockerell).
Dorymyrmex pyramicus var. bicolor Wheeler
Previous to the advent of the Argentine ant, this variety was an annoying house ant in Southern California. It makes small crater mounds up to six inches across in dry, hard, arid soil in the lowlands of California. At times the ants become pests due to their habit of tending Homopterous insects on orna- mentals. The author reduced them in numbers by placing poison- syrup containers in those areas where they were accustomed to forage. The control is accomplished not so much by the toxic material in the syrup as by the ants drowning in enormous num- bers in each of the poison cans. They have been observed attacking | Pogonomyrmex californicus (Buckley ) in enormous numbers, and in Bakersfield heaps of Solenopsis «yloni maniosa W heeler were often found at the base of their crater mounds. It should be noted that D. pyramicus (Roger), the typical form, which hides during midday in the warm season, was not found in so hot and arid a region as Bakersfield. Whereas, the var. bicolor which is fast and active even in the hot sun, occurred in great abundance in this area. The dealated queens were captured in Davis during the months of April and May. One male was cap- tured in Brookside Park in Pasadena during the month of De- cember while emerging from the nest entrance.
Localities: San Pedro (Cockerell), Glendora Needles
(Wheeler), Whittier, Dinuba (2. ©. Essig¢), Mojavelemear
ee Nat'l Park (A.C. Cole, Jr.), Davis, Bakersteld, Hlolly- wood, Fresno, Putah Canyon (A. Malis) 3i¢ Tujunga Canyon, Carbon Canyon in Orange Co., Brookside Park in Pasadena, Morongo Valley in San Bernardino Co. (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz ).
Dorymyrmex pyramicus var. niger Pergande ym pr g g Locality: Fresno (E. O. Essig).
Genus I[RIDOMYRMEXx Mayr
Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr
In 1905 the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr was first reported in California, and since that time it has become one of our most important and widely distributed household and farm pests. It is strictly a water-loving ant and is limited in its distribution by its moisture requirements, and by an inability to thrive where it cannot be protected from long periods of cold weather, such as is encountered at the higher altitudes. The ants in the more humid portions of the State, and those around our artificially watered regions, have been driven out by the irre- sistible Argentine ant; whereas, those ants that live in the more arid, or at the higher altitudes, have no competition from the Argentine ant. For more complete information on this species, see Eckert and Mallis (1937), and Mallis (1938a).
Locality: Throughout the State where sufficiently moist and not too high.
Iridomyrmex pruinosus var. analis (Ern. Andre)
In all probability this ant is more common than the collec- tions show, for it has possibly been confused with Foreliuws Spp. and Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr. It differs from the latter in its paler color, its more noticeable odor upon being crushed, and in not confining its foraging to distinct trails.
Locality: Orange County Park (A. C. Davis).
Iridomyrmex pruinosus (Roger )
Kocalitiest; Needles (A. ©, Cole, jir.),’ Mt. Wilson. (J.-C. Bradley ).
Genus Forettus Emery Forehus foetidus (Buckley)
The nests of this species are often found beneath boulders in arid, sandy regions. They may also make crater nests of fine white sand some 3 inches across and % inch high. Several of these nests are often in close proximity to one another, and each nest may contain many queens. Apparently they are extremely xerophilous since the forage in long definite trails in the hot summer sun, in desert areas.
Localities: Lake Elsinore (Bottel), Bakersfield (A. Mallis), Pico Canyon near San Fernando, near Riverside (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz).
Forelius maccooki Forel Locality: Mojave (A. C. Cole, Jr.). Genus TaprnoMa Forster Tapinoma sessile (Say)
Tapinoma sessile (Say) is a common ant in California, and
has been collected from sea level to 7000 feet. This ant nests
oF di
under rocks, in wood excavated by termites and fungi, beneath the rim covers of beehives where it does the bees no harm, and in homes where it may become an important household pest. The nest contains many queens, and huge numbers of workers and immature young. According to Woodworth (1910b) this species was much more common before the advent of the Argen- tine ant, and this observer further states that they have an odor that “is produced by a liquid secretion which can be ejected from the abdomen as an appreciable drop and which is used in its contests with the Argentine species. As long as the supply of this secretion lasts the Tapinoma has no difficulty in keeping the Argentine off, but after having put four or five of the Argentines out of the combat in this way finally the Tapinoma is put to rout and the Argentines are invariably victorious, because they always attack in sufficient numbers.’ Besides invading houses, these ants make pests of themselves by attending aphis on fruit trees and ornamentals. At times the workers may be seen with turgid gasters looking like the repletes of our honey ants, but of course much smaller. The winged sexuals, as well as the wingless females were found beneath the top board of a beehive in May, in Davis. Mann (1911b) noted that Solenopsis molesta (Say) (probably var. validiuscula Emery) nests with T. sessile (Say). The ant cricket, Myrmecophila oregonensis Bruner has been found in their nest.
Localities: San: Jose, Palo: Alto (H. Heath), Eompoe wir San Jacinto, Harris, Humboldt Co., and summit of Mt. Wilson (J. C. Bradley), Whittier, Azusa (H. J. Quayle), Yosemite, Lake ae (Wheeler), McCloud (Silvestri), Lookout Mt. (Cocker-
, Julian (U.S. Biological Sey Weed, Sequoia Nat'l Park
Os Ce Cole tit), Carrville, Trinity Co. (F. Platt), Geyserville, eee Co. (S. F. Bailey), Alameda ae (W. M. Gironde Soquel Road in Madera Co., 6000 feet, Bass Lake in Madera _ Co., Davis, Brentwood, in Sonoma Co., Mt. Baldy, 7000 feet (A. Mallis), Big Tujunga Canyon in Los Angeles Co., Devil’s Gate Dam in Pasadena (A Mallis and J. Schwartz), Griffith Park in Los Angeles (A. Mallis and H. Taylor).
Subfamily CAMPONOTINAE Genus PRENOLEPIS Forel
Prenole pis ( .) imparis var. californica Wheeler
This is ie variety that is so common in California where it evidently prefers the moister situations. These ants have been collected from sea-level to 4000 feet. The ants usually nest be- neath boulders where the soil is moist. They are active in cool weather long after other species have ceased foraging. The workers tend aphis on all kinds of coniferous and deciduous _ plants and will also feed on fruit buds and succulent tissue of fruit and ornamental plants. Some of the workers gorge them- selves so much on nectar and honeydew that their abdomens be- come greatly enlarged and amber in color. The males are seen swarming in great numbers during February, March, and April.
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Mann (1911b) found Myrmecophila oregonensis Bruner and Solenopsis molesta (Say) (probably var. validiuscula Emery) in the nest of this variety.
fiype locality: Stanford University (H. Heath, W. M. Mann, C. F. Baker).
Localities: San Jose (H. Heath), Marin Co., Eldridge, So- noma Wo: (j. A. Kusche), Piedmont, Berkeley (J. C. Bradley), mountains near Claremont (C. F. Baker), Santa Cruz Island (R. V. Chamberlin), Point Loma near San Diego (P. Leonard), Santa Inez Mts., San Ysidro, near Santa Barbara, Pasadena. Mt. Lowe, Yosemite Village (W. M. Wheeler), Santa Paula (H. J. Quayle), Portola, La Verne (E. Becker), Placerville, Berkeley Foothills, Bass Lake in Madera Co., 3000 feet, Davis, Grass Val- ley, Putah Canyon, Eaton’s Canyon near Altadena (A. Mallis), Devil’s Gate Dam in Pasadena, Big Dalton Canyon near Glen- dora, Base of Mt. Baldy, 1500 feet (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Woodland (L. M. McQuestin), San Diego (A. J. Basinger), Newport (Davis), Kenwood, Calistoga in Napa Co. (S. F. Bailey).
Genus Lasrus Fabricius
Lasius (L.) brevicornis Emery Localities: San Jacinto, Lake Tahoe (Wheeler).
Lasius (L.) brevicornis var. microps Wheeler Type Locality: Yosemite Village, 4000 feet (Wheeler).
Lasms (Acanthomyops) imterjectus californicus Wheeler Vype Locality: Palmer's Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., near Claremont (F. Grinnell).
Lasius (A.) latipes Walsh The ants of this species nest in rather dry, sunny places. Localities: Mt. Tamalpais (C. G. Hewitt), Mountain View (W. M. Wheeler).
Lasius (L.) niger alienus var. americanus Emery Locality: Glacier Point in Yosemite, 8000 feet (Wheeler).
Lasius (L.) niger var. neoniger Emery
J. J. duBois and the author collected this variety on a tree, which the ants were ascending, probably in order to attend honey- dew-secreting insects. Their queens were very abundant during the summer months in Davis.
Woealities:, Lake, Tahoe (Wheeler), Giant Forest (J. C. Bradley), Davis (A. Mallis and J. J; duBois), McCloud (No Collector ),
Lasius (L.) niger var. sitkaensis Pergande
Ants of this variety are widely distributed throughout the Canadian Zone,
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Localities: Giant Forest, 6500 feet (J. C. Bradley), Lake Tahoe, 6000-7000 feet, Camp Curry and Glacier Point, 4000-8000 feet, Yosemite (Wheeler), King’s River Canyon (H. Heath), Carrville in Trinity Co. (F. Platt), Caspar (J. Helfer).
Lasius (C.) umbratus subumbratus Viereck Vocality: Angora Peak near Lake” Vahoe S000 teet (Wheeler ).
Genus MyrMeEcocystus Wesmael
Myrmecocystus lugubris Wheeler
J. C. Bradley sent some of these ants to Wheeler (1909a) from Otis, in the Mojave Desert; this is the type locality. As several of the ants were in a semi-replete condition, it is thought that they are honey-storing ants.
Myrmecocystus melliger depilis Forel Locality: Needles in Mojave Desert (Wheeler).
Myrmecocystus melliger lomaensis Wheeler
This subspecies was described by Wheeler (1912b) from six workers, three repletes and two females taken by P. Leonard on Point Loma, near San Diego, California.
Myrmecocystus melliger mimicus Wheeler The subsp. mimicus Wheeler constructs crater nests with cir- cular openings about 1 in. in diameter, These ants work during the day, prey upon insects, and are not known to have repletes. Localities: Goshen Junction (J. C. Bradley), Riverside, Whittier, Mojave Desert (No Collector).
Myrmecocystus melliger mimicus var. californicus Cole
Type Wocality: Weed (A. ©: Cole, jz:)
Myrmecocystus melliger semirufus Emery
The nests are common in and around Bakersfield in burnt- over, adobe-like, vacant lots. There are no mounds about the nest, but the sand is piled in flat heaps several inches from the nest entrance. The opening to one nest was approximately % in. in diameter and somewhat oval. This nest had no guard of workers around the entrance, and it was entirely free of stones and chaff. Around the entrances of some other nests rings of chaff and the dismembered bodies of Veromessor pergandei (Mayr), Pogonomyrmex sp., and Solenopsis xyloni maniosa Wheeler, were found in great abundance. At times they con- struct regular craters about their nest entrances. This subspecies is very active, diurnal, and difficult to capture. They appeared to be attending aphis on some prostrate weeds.
Type Locality: San Jacinto (Pergande).
Localities: Needles (Wheeler), Point Loma near San Diego (P. Leonard), Morongo Valley (H. Green), Lodi (H. H. Kiefer), EK. Bakersfield (A. Mallis).
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Myrmecocystus melliger semirufus var. testaceus Emery
Some five miles from Bakersfield in an arid sandy area devoid of vegetation, a nest of this species was found. The semi-circular crater was some 5 in. high, and there was but a single entrance, about % in. in diameter. However, when this nest was observed two days later, two entrances, about 1 in. apart were seen. The ants vary greatly in size, forage during midday, and move rapidly over the surface of the sand. One ant was observed conveying the abdomen of a honey bee towards the nest.
Type Locality: San Jacinto (Pergande).
Localities: Claremont (C. F. Baker), Perris (J. C. Bradley), Bakersfield (A. Mallis), Mojave Desert (No Collector).
Myrmecocystus mexicanus \WWesmael
Leonard (1911) discovered a nest in the soil of disintegrated shale. There were many semi-repletes moving about the gal- leries, and about eight laying females. The females were friendly with one another. According to Leonard, “It is quite common to find dead insects, termites, flies, etc., lying among the larvae, and in wild nests two to three repletes hanging from the ceilings of the nursery chambers. Sometimes the larger larvae remain for a long time with their heads thrust into the thoraces of dead flies, devouring the muscular tissue.” This species shows a preference for moister soil where it is available.
Locality: Point Loma near San Diego (P. Leonard)
Myrmecocystus mexicanus horti-deorum McCook For a very detailed account of this ant, see McCook (1882).
Localities: Claremont (W. A. Hilton), near Needles (A. C. Colem|c), 1 Centro in Teper Co CNo: Collector):
Myrmecocystus mexicanus mojave Wheeler
The notes on this subspecies are from Leonard (1911) who studied these insects at Point Loma near San Diego. The entrance hole to their nest was comparatively large, being the size of a “ten cent piece’. Repletes occurred some four inches below the surface of the soil. They were nocturnal, predacious on other insects, and attended aphis and gathered nectar from flowers. The legionary ants, Eciton (A.) sumichrasti Norton raided their nest in June. Leonard states, “I have seen the ants at work at 9 p.m. in the pouring rain at a temperature as low as 44° Fahr. They do not leave their holes until about half an hour after sunset.’ During a hot dry spell in August the ants stayed under- ground. Their large entrance was closed with little clods of earth. The queens were obtained in the middle of October through simulating the effect of nightfall by covering the entrance of the nest with a box.
Type Locality: Ontario, California (J. C. Bradley).
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Localities: Colorado and Mojave Deserts (Wheeler), Point Loma (P. Leonard), Pasadena (FE. Grinnell), Claremont (C. F. Baker), Sunland (J. Schwartz).
Genus Potyercus Latreille
Polyergus rufescens breviceps Emery
The habits of these “amazon” ants were studied in great detail by Wheeler (1916b) at Fallen Leaf Lake, 7000 feet, near Lake Tahoe during the summer of 1915. This subspecies dwells under logs and small flat stones, and makes forays to the nests of Formica fusca L. var. where they capture the pupae. These are carried back to the nest, and in the adult stage they become slaves of the breviceps. The females in a winged or dealated condition would, in some instances, accompany the workers on their raids. Should the ants to be plundered show any resistance, they are quickly dispatched by the amazons, who pierce the heads of workers with their ice-tong mandibles. Wheeler found winged males and females in the nest during July.
ocalities: Santa Cruz (Hl. Heath), Kem wakes Gane Bradley), Fallen Leaf Lake and Glen Alpine near Lake Tahoe (Wheeler), Soquel Road in Madera Co., 6000 feet (A. Mallis).
Polyergus rufescens breviceps var, silvestru. Santschi Type Locality: Yosemite (Silvestri).
Polyergus rufescens breviceps var. umbratus Wheeler
Wheeler (1915) described this variety from a single colony collected by H. Heath at Brookdale, California, and the slave ant that accompanied it belonged to Formica fusca near the var. argentea Wheeler.
Type Locality: Brookdale, California (H. Heath).
Polyergus rufescens laeviceps Wheeler
These “amazons” were collected by Wheeler (1915) on the slopes of Mt. Tamalpais near San Francisco where they raided the nest of Formica subpolita Mayr, and plundered their brood.
Type Locality: Mt. Tamalpais (Wheeler). Localities: Laws (A. Wetmore), Fallen Leaf Lake near Lake Tahoe (No Collector).
Genus Formica Linnaeus
Formica (F.) cinerea var. lepida Wheeler
Type Locality: Blue Lake in Humboldt Co. (J. C. Bradley).
Localities: Lemon Cove in Tulare\Co, (J @: Bradley) elbos Angeles (A. Mallis). Formica (F.) cinerea var. neocinerea Wheeler
Their irregular nest mounds are often found in dry, hard soil, usually devoid of vegetation in the Sacramento and San
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Joaquin Valleys as well as in Southern California, The winged apterous females were fairly common during the month of March in Davis. Although this variety 1s actively predacious on other insects, it will often attend aphis and other honeydew-secreting insects. In citrus orchards they may become important pests due to their habit of tending mealybugs and scale insects, and pro- tecting these from their natural parasites. Moreover, they will at times invade homes. The Argentine ant has forced them from much of their former territory. This variety 1s often confused with F, pilicornis Emery which it closely resembles. Hetaerius tristriatus Horn is a guest in the nest of this ant.
Localities: San Jose (H. Heath), Palo Alto, Santa Cruz Mts. (W. M. Mann), Mesa Grande, Russian River (J. C. Brad- ley), Antioch, Davis (A. Mallis).
Formica (F.) fusca L.
This, one of the most widely distributed of all ants, occurs in the United States, in Canada, and in North and Central Eurasia. In California the species occurs in the mountains at altitudes above 4000 feet, and forms rather large colonies. The timid workers nest under stones or logs, or in small earthen mounds, and are often the hosts for other parasitic Formica.
Localities: Kern Lake (J. C. Bradley), Lake Tahoe, 6200- 9000 feet (Wheeler), Camp Curry and Glacier Point in Yose- mite, 4000-8000 feet, Muir Woods, Mt. Tamalpais (Wheeler).
Formica (F.) fusca var. argentea Wheeler.
The variety argentea is rare at the lower altitudes where it occurs in damp locations, and is more commonly found at eleva- tions above 7000 feet. Mann (1911b) found the Histerids, FHletaerius strenuus Fall and Hetaerius tristriatus Horn in their nests.
Localities: Palo Alto (H. Heath), Corte Madera Creek, Santa Cruz Mts. near Palo Alto (W. M. Mann) Harris, Hum- Doldt Co. (J. C. Bradley), Angora Peak near Lake Tahoe
(Wheeler).
Formica (F.) fusca var. blanda Wheeler ___ According to Wheeler (1917a) the species recorded from California are probably not this variety at all.
Localities: Yosemite Valley (J. C. Bradley), and Lemon Cove in Tulare Co. (No Collector)
Formica (F.) fusca var. gelida Wheeler
Wheeler (1913) found the variety gelida nesting under stones, in logs in woods, and in shady canyons, at high altitudes just below the timberline. _ Localities: Alta Peak in Sequoia Nat’l Park, 9,500-11,000 feet, Blue Lake in Humboldt Co. (J. C. Bradley), Fallen Leaf
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Lake near Lake Tahoe (Wheeler), and Upper Echo Lake (E .O. Essig). Formica (F.) fusca var. marcida Wheeler
This is an alpine variety like gelida and Wheeler (1917a) states that J. C. Bradley, who collected some of these ants, noted that they nested under a stone from which the snow had recently receded. The quick and agile workers hide under the stones and in the moss, and the nests are found at the timber line.
Localities: Summit of Angora Peak near Lake Tahoe, 8650 feet (WViheelen):
Formica (F.) fusca var. neorufibarbis Emery
Ants of the above variety, according to Wheeler (1917a), that have been recorded from California may be referable to the variety gelida. The ant cricket, Myrmecophila oregonensis Bruner occurs in the nest of this ant.
Localities: Lake Tahoe, 6000-7000 feet, and Glacier Point in Yosemite (Wheeler).
Formica (F.) fusca var. subaenescens Emery
These ants are commonly found at altitudes above 8000 feet in the various mountains of the State where they nest under stones. The Scarabaeid beetle Cremastochilus kochi Lec. 1s found in the nests of this form.
Localities: King’s River Canyon, 8000 feet (H. Heath), Alta Peak in Sequoia Nat’l Park, 9500-11000 feet (J. C. Brad- ley), Angora Peak near Lake Tahoe, 8600 feet CWiheelem)y McCloud and Yosemite (Silvestri), Camp Kelly on Mt. Baldy 8500 feet (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz).
Formica (F.) fusca var. subsericea Say.
According to Wheeler (1913) the colonies of this ant “are often rather large, nest in sunny places under stones or in low, flat ‘beds,’ or mounds, often a meter or more in diameter.” This variety is an exceedingly timid ant, and is often a slave of other Formica. Essig (1926) states it attends plant lice in California.
Localities: Mojave Desert near Bakersheld (A. ©. Cole Jr.), El Dorado Co. (W. M. Gifford).
Formica (F.) manni Wheeler Locality: Owens Lake (H. F. Wickham).
Formica (F.) microgyna californica Wheeler Type Locality: Glen Alpine Springs near Lake Tahoe, 6500 | feet (Wheeler).
Formica (F.) microgyna californica var. hybrida Wheeler
Type Locality: Angora Peak near Lake Tahoe, 6500 feet (Wheeler).
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Formica (F.) microgyna rasilis var. pinetorum Wheeler
Wheeler (1917a) notes that this variety has rather populous colonies that live under stones and logs, and that the nests are banked with vegetable detritus.
Type Locality: Angora Peak near Lake Tahoe, 7500-8600 feet (Wheeler).
Formica (F.) neogagates lasioides var. vetula Wheeler This is a fairly common ant at Lake Tahoe, and Wheeler
(1913) found it to be the summer host of the Staphylinid, X eno- dusa montana Casey.
Localities: Giant Forest in Sequoia Nat'l Park, 6000-7000 neem je ©. Bradley), Pacific Grove (H: Heath), Fallen Leaf Lake near Lake Tahoe, 6000-8000 feet, and Glacier Point in Yosemite, 8000 feet (Wheeler), Mt. Tamalpais State Park (A. Mallis).
Formica (F.) perpilosa Wheeler
Cole (1934) came upon this species in the periodical river bottoms of the Mojave Desert where they constructed nests with low mounds, or with craters at the bases of shrubs. These active ants have populous colonies.
Localities: Mojave Desert, in periodical river bottoms (A. C. Olew)|ts) Elemet (A. J. Basinger).
Formica (F.) pilicornis Emery
The habits of F. pilicornis Emery are very similar to those ot F. cinerea var. neocinerea Wheeler. However, the latter does not inhabit such arid areas as does the subspecies pilicornis which is commonly found under large boulders in the dry sandy arroyos of Southern California, especially along the foothills. Wheeler (1913) states that they form scattered nests in and around El Cajon Valley. The feeding habits of this subspecies are similar to those of neocinerea Wheeler. Often many queens, winged and dealated, may be found under one boulder, and J. Schwartz and S. Shalevitz collected 43 queens under one stone during the month of December near Riverside.
Type Locality: San Jacinto and Tres Pinos (Pergande).
Localities: Mount Pinos (F. Grinnell), Point Loma in San Diego Co. (P. Leonard and Wheeler), Arroyo Seco in Pasadena, Lakeside (Wheeler), Escondido in San Diego Co., Jacumba (J. C. Bradley), Claremont (C. F. Baker), Lake Merced near San Francisco (F. X. Williams), Salinas (L. S. Selvin), Glendale (Cockerell), Pasadena (H. C. Fall), Mojave Desert near Bar- stow (A. C. Cole, Jr.), Fish Canyon near Monrovia, Soledad, Ridge Route (A. Mallis), Riverside (J. Schwartz and S. Shale- vitz ).
wo Ol
Formica (F.) rufa var. nr. coloradensis Wheeler
According to Mann (1911b), several mounds along Corte Madera Creek in Marin Co. were seen. The nests contained the ant guest Batrisus sephyrinus Casey, a pselaphid, and Myrmeco- phila oregonensis Bruner.
Formica (F.) rufa obscuripes Forel
Mound nests of small sticks, leaves, and pine needles occur- ring at altitudes between 4000-7000 feet in the mountains of the northern part of the State are built by this subspecies. It ranges up and down the trees where it attends honeydew-secreting 1n- sects, and where it preys upon any insect that comes its way. As these ants are very pugnacious, they will readily attack in- truders who disturb them near their nesting sites. Formica rufa aggerans \Vheeler is a synonym of the above subspecies.
Localities: Tallac near Lake Tahoe (Wheeler), McCloud (No Collector).
Formica (F.) rufibarbis var. gnava Buckley
Ants of this variety are recorded from the more arid south- eastern part of the State where it has been collected beneath large flat rocks. Wheeler (1913) notes that it is very aggressive, and that it nests under stones and in nests without craters. These ants occur at low altitudes in shady canyons. Although the popu- lous colonies resemble the variety occiduwa, they have a bronzy appearance when seen in masses.
Localities: Needles (Wheeler), Coachella Valley in River- side Co. (No Collector).
Formica (F.) rufibarbis var. occidua Wheeler
Large colonies of this variety are often found beneath stones in open unshaded areas. The workers are fiercely aggressive and predacious on other insects, and the author has seen them bearing workers and sexual forms of subterranean termites in great num- bers towards the nest. They have also been observed guarding a long slit-like entrance near a sidewalk from the equally pug- nacious Liometopum occidentale Emery. At times one may come upon them while they are conveying their brownish cocoons, or when they transport their fellow workers by grasping them by the mandibles. Apparently they are active throughout the year, the weather permitting. In certain instances they become annoy- ing through their habit of attending honeydew-secreting insects on cultivated and ornamental plants. Mann (1911b) discovered colonies of the ant Leptothoray andrei Emery to be associated with this ant under stones. Histerid ant guests Hetaerius wheeler Mann and Hetaerius californicus Horn are at times found cling- ing to the underside of stones that harbor the colonies of this variety.
Type Locality: Palo Alto (T. Heath and W. M. Mann).
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Localities: Pasadena, San Ysidro near Santa Barbara, Pal- mer’s Canyon, San Gabriel Mts. (Wheeler), Mt. Wilson, Three Rivers, Sissons, Berkeley, Wild Cat Canyon near San Pablo, Lemon Cove in Tulare Co. (J. C. Bradley), Los Angeles (F. Grin- nell), San Jose (H. Heath), Santa Cruz Island (R. V. Chamber- inm)pasacramento, Weed (A.C: Cole, Jr.) Davis, Berkeley (A. Mallis), Pico Canyon near San Fernando (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz), Niles Canyon (J. F. Lamiman), Calaveras Co. (W. M. Gifford).
Formica (F.) sanguinea subnuda Emery
This alpine species, as far as is known, forms large slave- less colonies in California.
Localities: Fallen Leaf Lake and Glen Alpine Springs near akemmkahoe= (Wheeler), Sugar Pine in Madera Co: (J. -C. Bradley ).
Formica (F.) sibylla Wheeler
Wheeler (1913) states that he observed “Numerous colonies, each comprising a rather small number of workers and nesting in craters 6 to 8 inches in diameter in sandy soil fully exposed to the sun. The workers, who run very rapidly, were seen outside the nests only during the early morning and late afternoon hours of the hot days of July and August.”
Localities: Yosemite Valley, 4000 feet to Glacier Point, 8000 feet; and Tallac near Fallen Leaf Lake and the Moraine east of Angora Park (Wheeler), Huntington Lake (H. Green).
Formica (F.) subpolita Mayr
Is common at low altitudes (especially in the San Francisco Bay Region), but it may ascend up to 6400 feet in Southern Cali- fornia. This species is known to nest under stones in grassy places. The writer found them moving over hot sidewalks in Yosemite Valley during the month of June. Such honeydew- secreting insects as aphids and mealybugs are attended by these ants. Wheeler (1913) found many small colonies of this timid ant on the seashore near Point Joe, at Pacific Grove. Coccids, the pseudoscorpion, Chelanops dorsalis Banks, and the histerid, FHetaerius tristriatus Horn have been found in their nests.
Type Locality: San Francisco,
Localities: Mt. Tamalpais (Wheeler), Pacific Grove (H. Heath, W. M. Mann, W. M. Wheeler), Mount Lowe, summit 6400 feet (H. J. Quayle and W. M. Wheeler), Palo Alto, Corte Madera Creek (W. M. Mann), Felton, Santa Cruz Mts. (J. C. Bradley), King’s River Canyon (H. Heath), Baldy Peak in the San Gabriel Mts. (Brewster, Joos, Crawford), Muir Woods, 3erkeley Hills, Anaheim Landing (A. Mallis), Sierra Nevada, Marin Co., Goat Island, San Gregorio (No Collector).
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Formica (F.) subpolita camponoticeps Wheeler
The author found this ant foraging around a building at 3000 feet in the San Bernardino Mts. Numerous nest entrances were widely distributed in a rather shaded situation. There were no nest craters apparent here. Ants of this subspecies were also found foraging in a dry stream bed, and were seen ascending willow branches, probably to attend aphis. Wheeler (1917a) found them nesting under stones on the dry slopes of a canyon wall near Yosemite Village. The nests contained workers of varying size.
Localities: Yosemite Village, 4000 feet, (Wheeler), Mt. Tamalpais (Cockerell), Camp Seeley in the San Bernardino Mts., 3000 feet (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz).
Formica (F.) truncicola integroides Emery
W i er (1917a) observed the populous colonies of this subspecies in the woods beneath large accumulations of vegetable detritus about stumps and logs in Tallac and Fallen Leaf Lake, Lake Tahoe.
Type Locality: Coastal Mts. of California.
Localities: San Gabriel Mts. near Claremont (C. F. Baker), Felton in Santa Cruz. Mts., 300-500 feet, Santa Cruz Beach, Giant Forest (J. C. Bradley). Loma Prieta in Santa Cruz Mts., 3800 feet (CV IL: Kellog). King’s: River: Canyon (Ee galcath))r Corte Madera Creek (W. M. Mann), Pine Lake (J. D. Johnson), ake Mahoer(VWiheelen).2 Carville iingedleanity, c Gaara Timber Mts. in Modoc Co. (No Collector).
Formica (F.) trunicola integroides var. haemorrhoidalis Emery
This a nests under and in stumps and logs, and Wheeler (1913) states that it fills the interstices of these with vegetable detritus. The colonies are encountered in pine woods . on the tops of mountains. The presence of this ant in California may be questioned at the present time.
Locality: Mt. Whitney in Inyo Co., 8300 feet (J. J. du Bois).
Formica (F.) truncicola integroides var. propinqua Wheeler According to Wheeler (1917a) propinqua is to be found in the hot moraine region between Fallen Leaf Lake and Lake Tahoe whereas the variety tahoensis prefers the elevations around 7000 to 7500 feet. Type Locality: Lake Tahoe (Tallac, Glen Alpine Springs, Fallen Leaf Lake, Angora Peak) (Wheeler).
Formica (F.) truncicola integroides var. subfasciata Wheeler Type Locality: Mills Creek Canyon, Wilson Peak, 7500 feet, - San Bernardino Mts.. Southern California (F. Grinnell).
Formica (F.) truncicola integroides var. tahoensis \Wheeler The habits of this form are similar to those of the variety propinqua, although it does occur at a slightly higher altitude.
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Type Locality: Lake Tahoe (Tallac, Glen Alpine Springs, Fallen Leaf Lake, Angora Peak) (Wheeler). Locality; Angel’s Peak near Lake Tahoe (E. P. Van Duzee).
Genus Camponotus Mayr
Camponotus (Myrmentoma) anthrax Wheeler
Wheeler (1917a) named this ant from a colony that he found nesting under a stone at an altitude of 1000 feet in the Santa Inez Mts., near Santa Barbara.
Camponotus (M.) caryae (Fitch)
i@ocalitres: Glen Alpime Creek near Lake Tahoe (E. P. Van Duzee), Angora Peak near Lake Tahoe, /000 feet, Shasta Co. (Wheeler), St. Helena (O, T. McClay).
€. caryae nearcticus Emery is a synonym of the above,
Camponotus (M.) caryae var. essigi M. R. Smith
This ant was found foraging along the shore in debris in a salt marsh area. It was very alert and difficult to catch.
Type Locality: Lagunitas (E. O. Essig).
Localities: Antioch, Davis (A. Mallis).
Camponotus (M.) caryae discolor Buckley Locality: Coronado (A, Leing).
Camponotus (M.) caryae discolor var. clarithorax Emery
J. Schwartz and the author collected the winged females, 2 males, numerous workers, and the immature forms in the center of a very moist and decayed willow trunk which was about 1 foot in diameter. These ants have also been collected in an oak gall, and Leonard (1911) found them in the stems of manzanita at Point Loma.
Type Locality: San Jacinto and Los Angeles (Pergande )
leocalitres;; Point, Loma’ ini,San Diego ‘Co: (RP. Leonard), Whittier (H. J. Quayle), Felton in the Santa Cruz Mts., Three Rivers, Santa Inez Mts. near Santa Barbara (J. C. Bradl ey), Spanish Canyon near Monrovia (A. Mallis), Davis (B. E. White), Sacramento (J. J. duBois).
Camponotus (M.) caryae discolor var. cnemidatus Emery Woodworth (1910) records this ant in his list, but its pres- ence in California is doubtful since it is an eastern species.
Camponotus Ce ) caryae minutus Emery Locality: Bass Lake at altitude of 6000 feet (A. Mallis).
Camponotus (M.) caryae subbarbatus Emery Locality: Los Angeles (Pergande).
Camponotus (T.) fumidus var. fragilis Pergande
This pale ant was sent in from the hot and arid Coachella Valley where it invaded a house at night, and thereby annoved the residents.
Camponotus (M.) herculeanus var. modoc Wheeler
Very large colonies of this common mountain ant will usu- ally be found in stumps and in the rotten centers of butts of fir trees. It often follows the decayed wood in the stumps, but does little damage to the living tissue. These ants are pugnacious and can bite viciously when annoyed. At times they will work from nearby stumps into the timber of houses; the attack occurring for the most part on the sunny side. They are more common in the northern part of the State where they occur in the mountains at an altitude commencing at 3000 feet.
Localities: King’s River Canyon (H. Heath), Marin County, Fallen Leaf Lake, Giant Forest, Alta Meadow Trail (J. C. Brad- ley), Sierra Nevada (American Mus. Nat. Hist.), Tahoe City (A. Fenyes), Upper Echo Lake (E. O. Essig), Modoc Co., 5000 feet (A. Mallis), Carrville in Wrinity Co: (eh. Platt) yeNevada Falls in Yosemite (T. Williams), Yosemite Village, 4000 feet to Glacier Point, 8000 feet and Lake Tahoe, 6000 to 9000 feet, (Wheeler), Sequoia Nat'l Park (A. C. Cole, Jr), Sierra Natt Forest, McCloud (No Collector).
Camponotus (M.) herculeanus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer )
Santschi (1909) records this species from McCloud and Yo- semite, but this is in all probability the preceding species since pennsylvanicus, as far as is known, does not extend its range as far west as California.
Camponotus (M.) hyatti Emery
This is a somewhat rare ant in California which Cole (1934) states he found on the moist slopes of the Mojave Desert.
Type Locality: San Jacinto (E. Hyatt).
Localities: Fort Seward (K. F. Wilson), Palo Alto (W. M. Mann), moist slopes of Mojave Desert (A. C. Cole, Jr.).
Camponotus (M.) hyatti var. bakeri Wheeler Type Locality: Catalina Island (C. F. Baker).
Camponotus (M.) laevigatus (F. Smith)
The species laevigatus (F. Smith) is common at high alti- tudes throughout the State, and its large colonies are to be found in dry stumps or logs. Myrmecophila oregonensis Bruner is a common guest in the nest of this ant.
Localities: Yosemite, Sierra Nevada, Sierra Valley, San Jacinto Mts., 6000 feet (F. Grinnell), Baldy Peak in San Gabriel Mts. (Brewster, Joos, Crawford), Blue Lake, Humboldt Co., Felton in Santa Cruz Mts., Alta Peak, 9500-11000 feet, Giant Forest to Marble Fork, Sissons (J. C. Bradley), McCloud, Castle Crag (A. Fenyes), Yosemite Village, Tallac near Lake Tahoe (Wheeler), Carrville in Trinity Co. (F. Platt), Mt. Baldy (A. Mallis and J. Schwartz).
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus dumetorum Wheeler According to Wheeler (1910d) this subspecies appears to be the dominant insect of the chaparral up to an altitude of
90
2000 feet in the San Gabriel and Santa Inez Mts. of Southern California, which is the type locality. Its nests, which are in the form of flat craters, vary from a few inches to a foot in diameter, and are to be found among the bushes. During the warm summer days these ants remain in the nest. C. maculatus var, berkeley- ensis Forel is a synonym of the above species.
Type Locality: San Gabriel and Santa Inez Mts. up to 2000 feet (Wheeler).
Locality: Berkeley (No Collector).
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus maccooki Forel
Large colonies are to be found beneath rocks in moist habi- tats, and are common in and about Sacramento and the San Francisco Bay Region. The large, pretty, reddish-yellow and black queens are commonly captured by collectors. The Scarab, Cremastochilus planatus Lec., and the ant cricket, Wyrmecophila oregonensis Bruner are guests in the nest of this ant.
Localities: Palo Alto (H. Heath and W. M. Mann), San Jose, Alameda Co., Marin Co. (H. Heath), San Ysidro, Carpin- teria, Tenaya Canyon in ‘Yosemite, 5000 feet, Pasadena (Wheeler), Ukiah in Mendocino Co., Berkeley (J. C. Bradley), Point Loma near San Diego (P. Leonard), Grant (Silvestri), Weed, Tehachapi (A. C. Cole, Jr.), Woodland (J. J. duBois), Sonoma Co. (S. F. Bailey), Davis (A. Mallis), Descanso (No Collector. )
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus vicinus Mayr
It is this Camponotus and its varieties that are commonly encountered under stones in rather dry, sunny places. The ants are very widely distributed throughout the State in both lowlands and the mountains, The winged forms may be found in the nest at practically any time of the year.
Localities: Tenaya Canyon in Yosemite, 5000 feet, and Lake Tahoe (Tallac, Glen Alpine Springs and moraine east of Angora Peak, 6000-7000 feet, San Gabriel Mts. near Claremont, Point Loma near San Diego, Palmer’s Canyon near Claremont, Mt. Lowe, 5000 feet (Wheeler), Alpine, Alameda, Harris, Humboldt €o., Felton in Santa Cruz Mts. (J. C. Bradley), San Jacinto Mts., 6000 feet (F. Grinnell), Palo Alto (W. M. Mann), Bass Lake in Madera Co., 3000 feet (A. Mallis).
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus vicinus var. infernalis Wheeler
Localities: Tenaya Canyon and Camp Curry in Yosemite, 4000-5000 feet, Lake Tahoe, 6000-7000 feet, Wilson Peak in San Bernardino Mts., 7500 feet (Wheeler), Santa Cruz Mts. (J. C. Bradley), Palo Alto (W. M. Mann), Carrville in Trinity Co., 2400-2500 feet (F. Platt).
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus vicinus var. luteangulus Wheeler
J. Schwartz and S. Shalevitz collected a colony of this variety, including queens, workers, one winged male, and the immature stages, in a very wet stump, during the month of Feb-
Sil
ruary, in the Arroyo Seco, Pasadena. When the nest was opened, the ants were unable to move until warmed by the sun. The nest was composed of some eight chambers, and these were crowded with queens, workers, and the immature forms. Each chamber was approximately 1 in. long and about 34 in. wide, with inter- connecting galleries between the chambers. A colony of subter- ranean termites were situated in the same log immediately on the outside of the ant excavations.
Localities: Mt. Home (H. Green), Arroyo Seco in Pasadena (J. Schwartz and S. Shalevitz).
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus vicinus var. maritimus Wheeler
Localities: Santa Cruz Island (R. V. Chamberlin), Santa Cruz Mts. and Santa Inez Mts. near Santa Barbara (Wheeler), Catalina Island (C. F. Baker), Pacific Grove and San Jose (H. Heath).
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus vicinus var. nitidiventris Emery Notes on this form in California are lacking, however, in the Rockies it is known to occur on the high plains and slopes. Localities: Catalina Island (C. F. Baker), Santa Rosa in Mammy Cox Gal Green)y:
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus vicinus var. plorabilis Wheeler Localities: Pacific Grove (H. Heath), Beckwith, 5000 feet (No Collector).
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus vicinus var. semitestaceus Emery Type Locality: Plumas Co., 5000 feet (Pergande). Localities: San Jacinto Mts. (F. Grinnell), Claremont
(Metz), Friant (R. V. Chamberlin), Ramona (J. C. Bradley),
Mt. Wilson, 2000 feet (No Collector)
Camponotus (M.) sansabeanus vicinus var. subrostrata Forel Type Locality: Lake Tahoe, California.
Camponotus (M.) ocreatus Emery Type Locality: Panamint Mts. in California (Pergande).
Camponotus (C.) yogt Wheeler According to Wheeler (1915), yogi was described from a single major and minor worker taken by P. Leonard from a hollow twig of manzanita near the Raja Yogi Institute on Point Loma near San Diego. Wheeler further states that, “This species is unlike any of our other North American Camponott. It clearly approaches the species of Colobopsis and should, perhaps, be in- cluded in that subgenus.” N.B. Emery in his fascicles on the Formicidae in the “Genera Insectorum’ noted a number of ants as occurring in California when as a matter of fact they are known only from Lower (Baja) California, Mexico. 92
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