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u-s ;ii')3.5
CHITTKNDEN COUNTY DIRECTORY.
cTHJi.ttfS^'ftck's '
-•■ J
L
^atborb CoUege IHitarp
BRIGHT LEGACY
Oh biir tki iHvmi tinm aiM L*ncT, >bicfe vu n- nlnd la iNo andcc the vll] of
JONATHAN BROWN BKICHT
ftiribcCsU^IcUbiuT. Tht Mktr'bi^'arat iDHBC ll drroted U lehDljnhlpi la HMrrmrd UatnnLiT for tht
vhBlMUWUtlUva, MunebnelD.ID itK. la Ihi tetb«Kho[uikLpa. The will rc^Blralbmtthifimaaiim- u4cr lu pmtrOeu.
GENERAL INSURANCE AG
BURLINGTONjVT.
CRITTBNDBK COUHTf BIKBCIOKV.'
or BTmuarcToxr, vxaicoarr.
-!* .- St.
For many yean the prominent business men of Burlington, believers in life insurance, had been considering the drainage made on the finances of the State by payments of lai^e sums of money abroad, to be retained until such times as it should come back in payment of death claims. Consequently, the follotring named gentlemen obtained a chaiter for the
Vermont Life Insurance Company,
October aSth, 1868:
Torrey £. Wales, Lemuel B. Piatt, Samud Huntington, James A. Shedd, Russell S. Taft, Rodney S. Wires, Nathaniel Parker, Jo D. ; (latch, George F. Edmunds, Omri A. Dodge, F. C. Kennedy and Lawrence Barnes.
The Company vas organized Jan. 1st, 1869, with a cash capital of $50,000, and with Rus- sell S. Taft as President, and Warren Gibbs, ■■ Secretary. The capital was soon af^er in- creased to $100,000. During the depression
in business which soon followed^ the company ceased to /vjil for new tr but more than held its own, gaining steadily each year, until flu ■iiifliia ibb company are now nearly $250,000.
The directors of the company now ore; Tcney £. Wales, &mucl Huntingtoo, James A. Shedd, RusseU S. Taft, Nathaniel Parker, fo D. Hatch, F. C. Kennedy, Lawrence Barnes, Daniel Roberts, Williun G. Shaw, William W. Henry, L. L. Lawrence, Wm. A. Crombie, Edward Bartow, Jo«l H. Gates, J. C. Dunn, B. B. Smalley, Theo. A. Hopkins. C. M. Spauldins, Warren Gibbs, Elihu B. Taft, and Edwin Wheelock.
The company issues every desirable form of Life and Endowment policies, all non-forfeiting in one way or another, mostly, and substantially, in accordance with the Massachusetts n on -forfeiting Jaw of 1861. The company also issues " term policies," for seven years or less, at lower rates of premiums. The popular " Installment Bond" is also issued by this company, guaranteeing the most ready money, and the full amount in case of deUh.
Good agents wanted in prominent locahties at all times. Please cor^ respond with Home Office for Agencies, for Bonds and Pc^des^ and for further information if there is no agent near you.
~V^.i^^S3E>T O-XSSS, :Presid.erLt. O. R. TXJRHII-iI-i, Seoretary.
CUITTRNDEN COUNTY DIRKC OKY.
J.W.GOODELI &C0.,
1 .^•
r-i^MANUPACTURF.RA OF
^fiP ffiff) \f fj \f ■/ ji (Ut ■
.r^^AND ALI- KINDS OF .^ r
^^UEMEa^EKY MD BailiDINCJ WHRK^
MARBLE MANTELS. SHELVES,
>• • •
4«^FURNITURE TOPS, WAINSCOTING.**^
^ WORE SET IN ANY PART OF THE COnNTRY. %^
♦*251 I^IITE STI^EET.HM-
BURLINGTON,
VEHMONT,
ELIAS LYMAN,
Wh -esale and Retail Dealer in ■fACKAWANNA. §EHIGH, tfuMBERLAND,
COALS,
Caf -Load Lots a Speoicdty.
COai.so,cyO
Fp G[[OUND NOVA SCOTIA POSTER,
FOR FERTILIZING PURPOSES,
AT IVHOLKSALE AXIt HKTAIE..
ALSO MOLDING SAND.
wiGEORGE I. HAGAR.a^
-€C=iJ
HARDWARE,
Paints, Oils, Var21ish.es, Srush.es,
I> A. MTD
LI2VE OF^^r^
SADDLERY HARDWARE,
174 College Street, Burlington, Vt,
Are Yon Going ¥est ?
2
ii^ 11, E.
Making close connections at
NORWOOD, will) ROM[,WilTERIOWII &OGDEIISBUBG R, R,,
Ogdensbnrg, witb Grand Trnnk R'y,
(By Ferry to Prescott.)
For all Points in the Western States and Territories.
Special atlenUon giyen to parties seeking Ifomes in ttte Vest. Special Sates and Accommodations giyen on application, A. A. CADDIS, F. L. POMEROY,
Ciii>ii*l JVIaiiiuEer.
(^eiri Pu***i. \K4'nt.
0(*DI%:^KBI'K(i;, ?\. V.
GAZETTEKR
-AND-
Business Directory
-OF-
CHimnDii coum, uum,
FOR-
i.ee2-e3.
Compiled and Published by
HAMILTON CHILD,
AUTHOR OF WAYNE. ONTARIO, SENECA, CAYUttA, TOMPKINS, ONONDAGA, MADISON
CORTLAND, CHEMUNG, SCHUYLER, STEUBEN, ORLEANS, HERKIMER, CHENANGO,
NIAGARA, ONEIDA, MONROE, GENESEE, SARATOGA, MONTGOMERY AND FULTON,
ALBANY AND SCHENECTADY, RENSSELAER, WASHINGTON, WYOMING, LEWIS,
COLUMBIA, SULUVAN, SCHOHARIE, OTSEGO, ULSTER, CHAUTAUQUA, ST.
LAWRENCE, BROOME AND TIOGA, CATTARAUGUS, ALLEGANY, AND
OTHER COUNT Jf DIRECTORIES IN NEW YORK STATE, AND ERIE
AND CRAWFORD COUNTIES, THE BRADFORD OIL DISTRICT IN
PENNSYLVANIA, BENNINGTON, RUTLAND AND ADDISON
COUNTIES IN VERMONT.
PERMANENT OFFICE,
SYRACUSE, N. Y*
** He that hath much to do, wUl do something wrong, and of that wrong must suffer the conse- quences ; and if it were possible that he should always act rightly, yet when such numbers are to judge of his conduct, the bad will censure and obstruct him by malevolence, and the good sometimes by mistake.'^— SamuxlJohnsom.
SYRACUSE, N. Y.:
PaiMTXD AT THB JOURNAL OFFIGB,
August, 1882.
i/
' NOV 7 1S3J )
CALENDAR FOR TWENTY YEAR?.
Almanac or Calendar for 20 Years.
D
B A
DC
1874 i 1875 = 1876 ; 1877 1878 : 1879 ! 1880 ; 1881 . 1882 . 1883
B
FE
1884
D
B 1 AG ' F
1885 ! 1886 1887
D ! CB A
1888 1889 i 1890 ; 1891 ' 1892 j 1893
I 8152229 Sun. Sat. Frid'y. Thurs. Wed. Tues. Mon.
; 2 9162330 Mon. Sun. Sat. Frid'y. Thurs. Wed. Tues.
; 310172431 Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. Frid'y. Thurs. Wed.
411 1825.. Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. Frid'y. Thurs.
5 12 1926 .. Thurs. Wed. Tues. Mon. Sun. Sat. Frid'y.
6132027.. Frid*y. Thurs. Wed. Tues. Mon.
1 7 14 2 1 28.. Sat. Frid'y. Thurs. Wed. Tues.
Sun. Sat.
Mon. Sun.
Jan. and Oct. A
B
May.
B
August.
D
D
Feb., March, y^ Nov. I
June.
Sept. and Dec.
i April and I July.
|
D |
E , |
F |
|
E |
F ; |
G |
|
F |
G |
A |
|
G |
A |
B |
|
A |
B |
C |
|
B |
C |
D |
A
B
D
B
D
ExpxjkXATiox.— Find the Year and obserre the Letter abore it ; then look for the Month, and In a line with it find the Letter of the Tear ; abore the Letter find the Day and the figures on the left, in the same line, are the days of the same name in the month.
Leap Tears hare two letters ; the first is used till the end of February, the second during the remainder of the year.
INTRODUCTION.
In presenting to the public the " Gazetteer and Business Directory of Chit- tenden County," we desire to return our sincere thanks to all who have kindly aided in obtaining the information it contains, and rendered it possible to present it in the brief space of time in which it is essential such works should be completed. Especially are our thanks due to the editors and managers of the county papers, for the uniform kindness they have evinced in calling pub- lic attention to our efforts, and for essential aid in furnishing material for the work. We have also found valuable aid in the writings of the various authors in Miss Hemenway*s "Historical Magazine;" "Thompson's Vermont;" " Deming's Vermont Officers ;" Hoskins " History of Vermont ;" Hall's " Early History of Vermont ;" the " Documentary History of New York ;" Lanman's " Dictionary of Congress ;" Palmer's " History of Lake Champlain ;" "Pioneer History of the Champlain Valley;" "Letters of John A. Gra- ham ;" in the reports of the Adjutant-General and State School Superintend- ent ; F. W. Beers & Co.'s " Atlas of Chittenden County ;" and also the geological reports of Hitchcock and Hagar. Our thanks are also due to the clergy throughout the county, and to President M. H. Buckhani, Prof. Good- rich, Dr. A. P. Grinnell, T. H. Canfield, J. W. Hickok, Capt. William Anderson, Capt Dan Lyon, T. P. W. Rogers, Lawrence Barnes, Henry Loomis, Fred- crick Smith, Gen. T. S. Peck, J. E. Brinsmaid, The Fletcher Free Library, C. F. Wheeler, H. E. Brown, Carolus Noyes, L. A. Drew, Charles E. Allen, Mrs. L. M. Clapp, Miss Jennie Stacy, and Miss C. E. Collins, of Burlington ; A- C. Slater, of Essex ; Isaiah Dow, Joseph Landon, Hon. Nahum Peck, and W. K. Patrick, of Hinesburgh ; D. B. Fay and F. C. Wilkins, of Williston, and to many others throughout the county who have rendered valuable aid.
That errors have occurred in so great a number of names is probable; and that names have been omitted which should have been inserted is quite cer- tain. We can only say that we have exercised more than ordinary diligence and care in this difficult and complicated feature of book making. Of such
INTRODUCTION.
as feel aggrieved in consequence of errors or omissions, we beg pardon, and ask the indulgence of the reader in noting such as have been observed in the subsequent reading of the proofs, and which are found in the Errata, follow- ing this Introduction,
It was designed to give a brief account of all the church and other soci- eties in the county, but owing, in some cases, to the negligence of those who were able to give the necessary information, and in others, to the inability of • any one to do so, we have been obliged to omit special notices of a few.
We would suggest that our patrons observe and become familiar with the explanations at the commencement of the Directory. The names it embraces, and the information connected therewith, were obtained by actual canvass, and are as correct and reliable as the judgment of those from whom they were solicited render practicable. Each agent is furnished with a map of the town he is expected to canvass, and he is required to pass over every road, and call at every farm house and place of business in the town, in order to obtain the facts from the individuals concerned wherever possible.
The margins have been left broad to enable any one to note changes oppo- site the names.
The Advertisers represent many of the leading firms and business men of this and other counties, and we most cheerfully commend them to the pat- ronage of those imder whose observation these pages may come.
We take this occasion to express the hope that the information found in this book will not prove devoid of interest and value, though we are fully conscious that the brief history of the county the scope of the work enables us to give, is by no means an exhaustive one, and can only hope that it may prove a nucleus and incentive to future historians, who will be the better able to do full justice to the subject
While thanking our patrons and friends generally for the cordiality with which our efforts have been seconded, we leave the work to secure that favor which earnest endeavor ever wins from a discriminating public, hoping they will bear in mind, should errors be noted, that " he who expects a perfect work to see, expects what ne'er was, is, nor yet shall be."
HAMILTON CHILD.
. & . S-
*^^^Cz^
{PUrtr^i^ / ? V 3
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
HISTORICAL.
CHITTENDEN COUNTY.— On page 37, ninth line of third paragraph, read 4,389 for "4,329"
On page 62, in seventh line of second paragraph, read cousin for " uncle."
TOWN AND CITY OF BURLINGTON.— On page 109, first line, read Skillings, Whitneys and Barnes, instead of " Skillings, \Vhitney & Barnes."
In the fourth line of the second paragraph, on page 127, read city for " village."
DIRECTORY.
Bnrlington City.— BAILE Y'S music store patronizes thiswork. ♦BURLINGTON FREE PRESS AND TIMES, on page 437, read 187 and
189 College for "181 and 189." Conger R Henry, as printed on page 444, should read Conger Henry R. DALEY TO MAS P., market, etc, 136 Church, is a patron of this work. HART CHARLES L. etc, instead of as printed on page 463, and under
head of "Grocers" on page 551. Hay Alexander L., on page 464, has sold his business to H. E. Sails, who con- tinues it in the same place. *LYMAN ELIAS, on page 479, instead of "dealer in moldings," read dealer in
molding sand. •MOULTON WILLIAM F., on page 488, has his business office at 19
Mechanics' lane, or 82 Pearl st. •NELSON HENRY J., on page 490 is located at 50 Church St., instead of
50 Chase. •QUEEN CITY SOAP WORKS, on page 362, Herald Stevens, should
read Herold Stevens. ♦SKILLINGS, WHITNEY & BARNES, as printed on page 506, should
read Skillings, Whitneys & Barnes. S. C. KINSLEY, as printed on page 336, should read C. S. Kinsley. BLAIR LEVI S., as printed on page 576, should read Balair.
Charlotte.— * ALEXANDER ORSON H., is an advertiser, on page 270. HOSFORD WILLIAM E., is a patron of this work.
Colchester.— LEVIGNE Charles, is a patron of this work. MARRS HARLAN F., instead of as printed on i)age 281.
Essex. — Essex Classical Institute, (Essex) William A. Dearing, A. M.,
principal.
HENRY WILLIAM A., (Essex Junction) shoemaker, removed from West- ford since our canvass.
•JOSLYN WILLIAM B., on page 309, read his postoffice address, " Es- sex Junction."
Hinesburgh.— HINESBURGH hotel, George W. Flanagan, pro- prietor, patronizes this work.
ERRATA — ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
PECK NAHUM, is a patron of this work.
PETERS GEORGE, is a patron of this work.
REED & PATRICK, and REED PERRY, on page 327, and also in
advertisement on page 416, Read, instead of Reed. •SHINVILLE EDWIN L., advertises on page 333.
Huntington.— MORRILL GEORGE H., is a patron of this work.
Jericho. — BUXTON henry M., instead of as printed on page 341. PALMER CORNELIUS S., is in government employ in Dakota.
Milton. — ASLEY GEORGE, on page 353, should have been printed
Ashley George. •BENHAM JOHN S., is an advertiser, on page 466. BRUSH HENRY H., on page 455, should be Brush Henry A. Cooley Solomon, (Milton), r 54, resides with C. L. Parker. CROWN AMANDA M. Mrs., on page355, should read Crown Amanda M.
Miss. •LAN DON ORRIN B., advertises on page 514.
Richmond.— BATIS henry W., on page 368, should read Bates Henr>' W. '
FREE^LAN WILLIAM S., (Richmond), r 4, cor. 5, dair>' 100 cows, manu- facturer of butter and cheese, and farmer 700, instead of as printed on page 370.
HAYFORD SYLVESTER C. Rev., (Richmond) pastor of Universalist church, h Main, instead of as printed on page 37 1.
RHOADES HORATIO N., (Richmond) r 4, dairy 27 cows, and farmer 225, instead of as printed on page 373.
Shelbnrne.— SAYTON EDWARD S., on page 381, should read Saxton Edward S.
South Burlington.— ROSSI ER gust aye a., is a patron of this work.
Underbill.— FOLEY JAMES, (Underhill) r — , farmer.
Williston,— BRYANT JAMES, on page 414, should read Bryant
James H. CURTIS CHARLES, on page 415, should read Curtis Charles L. DARLING LUCIA S., on page 415, should read Darling Lucia L. NARAMORE TRUMAN C, is a patron of this work. TALCOTT GIRLEY, on page 421, should have been printed Talcott J.
Girley.
Winooski Village,— •the Burlington spoke company
advertise on page 260. Bushka Antoine, as printed on page 288, should read same as '* Busquet
Antoine." •COLCHESTER MERINO MILLS advertise on page 306. freeman JOSEPH E. and L. X., as printed on page 292, should read
Fremau Joseph E., etc. Grecnleaf William L., on page 293, should read collector U. S. Int. Revenue,
instead of *' U. S. Customs." Greenmore James, on page 293, should read Greemore James. KAY ORMAN P., on page 294, should read Ray Orman P
GENERAL CONTENTS — INDEX TO BUSINESS DIRECTORY. 7
GENERA.L CONTENTS.
PAGE
Almanac or Calendar for 20 years 2
Burlington City Government 423
Business Directory, by towns 257
Census Report "256
Classified Business Directory 523
County Officers 14
Courts in Chittenden County 16
Distance Table 584
Errata 5
Gazetteer of County 33
Gazetteer of Towns 86
Justices of the Peace 15
Mail Routes and Stage Lines 12
Map of Chittenden County front of title page
Postal Rates and Regulations 10
Post offices and Postmasters , . . . 12
Publishers* Notes 20
Societies 16
Town Clerks 16
Town Representatives 15
Winooski Village Government 19
INDEX TO BUSINESS DIRECTORY.
TOWN LISTS.
PAGE
Bolton 257
Burlmgton City 423
Charlotte 262
Colchester, outside of Winooski village, 275
Essex 303
Hinesburgh 317
Huntington 329
Jericho 338
Milton 353
Richmond 367
Shelbume 375
South Burlington 382
StGeorge 390
Underbill 391
Westford 402
Williston 413
Winooski Village 285
8 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.
INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.
PAGE
Adsit & Bigelow, coal and wood, Burlington 362
Alexander H. D., Lake View Vineyards, Charlotte, 270
Alexander O. H., seed dealer, Charlotte 300
Allen C. C. & Son, furniture, Burlington 392
Allen Charles E., attorney at law, and patent solicitor, Burlington 350
Allen John H., harnesses, wagons, lumber, etc, Hinesburgh 316
Baribeault G., teacher of music, Burlington 456
Beach £. A., clothing and gents' furnishing goods, Essex 400
Benham J. S., drugs and medicines, Milton 466
Bessett E., agt Buckeye Mowers, etc, carpenter and builder, Richmond 350
Bissonett Joseph, hardware, Jericho 366
Blue Store (The) clothing hats, caps, etc, Burlington bottom margins
Bostwick George H., stock breeder, South Burlington 388
Boutin Andrew, millinery and crockery, Burlington 260
Bristol Herald, newspaper, Bristol, Ad. Co .opposite 481
Bronsons, Weston, Dunham & Co., lumber, Burlington, back fly-leaf
Brown's Photograph Cpmpany, Burlington 310
Brush H. A., taxidermist, Milton 554
Burbank F. C, physician and surgeon, St. Albans, Franklin Co 500
Burlington Clipper, newspaper, Burlington 486
Burlington Clothing Company, Burlington 434
Burlington Free Press and Times, newspaper, Burlington 406
Burlington Spoke Co., s]X)kes and axehelves, Burlington 260
Burlington Steam Dye Works, Burlington 380
Burlington Woolen Company, Winooski 306
Burnham L. G. & Co., photographers and moldings, Burlington 346
Carpenter B. W. & Co., druggists, Burlington 280
Carpenter C. J., butcher, Hinesburgh 316
Central Vt. Railroad 446
Champlain Transportation Company, Burlington 290
Chase E. R., pbysician and surgeon, Burlington 456
Clifford N. E., contractor and builder, Hinesburgh. . 316
Colvin H. E., physician and surgeon, Burlington 412
Cormea John & Sons, manufrs. brooms and brushes, Burlington 280
Davis Henry H., books and stationery, Burlington 466
DegRe & Martin, wagons and carnages, Hinesburgh 316
Doubleday T. A., furniture, Winooski, 274
Dow Isaiah, woolen mill, Hinesburgh, 416
Doyle William M., blacksmith, Essex Junction 350
Drury Edwin I., livery stable, and sewing machines, Essex Junction 324
Eaton E. R., physician and surgeon, Burlington 456
Edwards Stevens & Co., manufrs. of machinery, Winooski 286
Farrand Z. H., botanist and pharmaceutist, Essex 300
Flanagan N. B., livery stable, Burlington 400
Foote George A,, general merchant, Charlotte 296
Foote R. A. & Son, plows, Middlebury, Ad. Co opposite 481
Forrant J. B., hotel Burlington 466
Foster Loyal, patent medicines, Williston 412
Fraser Thomas, harnesses, etc, Williston 412
Goodell J. W. & Co., marble and granite, Burlington front fly-leaf
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
PORTRAITS.
PAGE.
Howard John P., (steel,) opp. 144
Peck Asahel, LL. D., Ex-Gov. of Vt opp. 2 1 1
VIEWS, &c.
Church of the Restoration, Richmond, 254
Court House Square in 181 7, Burlington 138
Dow Isaiah, residence, Hinesbiirgh opp. 204
Dow Isaiah, Woolen Mill, Hinesburgh 204
Edwards, Stevens & Co.'s Foundry and Machine Shop, Winooski 183
Howard National Bank, Burlington 115
Lyman Block, Burlington ..112
Mary Fletcher Hospital, Burlington 126
Third Congregational Church, Burlington 159
University of Vermont, Medical Department, Burlington 121
Van Ness House, Burlington 128
Vermont Episcopal Institute, Burlington, (steel,) opp. 122
Vermont Life Insurance Building, Burlington 130
Wells, Richardson & Co., Stores, Burlington no
Wright Smith, Cold Storage Buildings, Williston "256
INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.
PAGE
Hagar George I., hardware, Burlington on map
Harden F. P. & Co., boots and shoes, Burlington 280
Hayes John W., groceries and provisions, Burlington 456
Henry, Johnson & Lord, patent medicines, Burlington 465
Holmes George W. & Co., gloves and mittens, Burlington 374
Hosford F. H., seed dealer, Charlotte 296
Howard A. W., general merchant, Colchester 296
Howard H. H. & Co., rubber stamps, Burlington. 388
Howe L. B. & F., grist and flouring mill, Jericho 340
Hull H. M., general merchant, Hinesburgh 324
Hunt Jason E., yorkshire hogs, Essex 350
Isham J. M., tailor, Burlington 310
Jones R. A., boots and shoes, Richmond 384
Joslyn E. C, hotel, Essex Junction 310
Kimball S. C. & Co., doors, sash and blinds, Burhngton 486
Kinney Ezra, wagons and sleighs, Jericho 366
Kirby W. C, painter, Richmond 384
Knapp L., blacksmith, Richmond 384
Landon O. B., plows, Milton, 514
Leavenworth A. E., Normal School, Castleton, Rut. Co 522
Lee Jerry, carriages and sleighs, Burlington 486
Lyman Fllias, coal, plaster, molding sand, etc, Burlington on map
Marshall E. P., dentist, Burlington 266
Martin J. C, millinery and fancy goods, Burlington 324
McKillip W. B., groceries, Burlington 440
McMahon P. H., barber, Burlington 456
Mitchell David, gold and silver plater, Burlington 266
Morehouse G. W., manuf. patent medicines, St. George 280
Moulton W. F., conductors and eaves-troughs, Burlington 500
Nelson Henry J., furniture, Burlington 430
Nye & Lavelle, country produce and groceries, Burlington 346
Ogdensburgh & Lake Champlain R. R., on map
Page J. v., sewing machines, Burlington 420
Patrick D. K., plows, etc, Hinesburgh 416
Payn E. H., gun and locksmith, Burlington 500
Peck T. S., insurance, Burlington inside front cover
Percy A, N., clothing, etc., Burlington, 434
Perry Frank, harnesses, Richmond 384
Pierce & Linsley, lumber, Burlington, back fly-leaf
Post C. C, sap bucket manuf., Burlington 356
Queen City Soap Works, Burlington 362
Read & Patrick, stoves and tinware, Hinesburgh 416
Robertson A. R., tripe, poultry, etc., Winooski 296
Robinson Amos, physician and surgeon, St Albans, Franklin Co 426
Rood D. E., harness maker, Jericho 340
Sager Charles H., furniture, Burlington 336
Sails Hoyt E., tobacconist and confectioner, Burlington, bottom margins
Sanctuary E. & Son, cofllns, carpenters and joiners, Hinesburgh 324
Scott Franklin, attorney at law, (patents), North Bennington, 330
Shanley B. F., contractor and builder, Jericho 366
Shaw E. P., clothing and gents' furnishing goods, Burlington 266
Shepard & Morse Lumber Company, Burlington, 346
lO INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS —RATES OF POSTAGE.
PAGE
Shinville E. L., country produce, Hinesburgh 388
Skillings, Whitneys & Barnes Lumber, Co., Burlington, opposite 480
Sloan E. A,, tinware. Underbill 392
Smitb H. W. & Son, slate roofers, Burlington 420
Smith William & Co., wagons and carriages, Biu-lington 466
Smith & Pease, clothing, hats, caps, etc, Burlington, bottom margins
Snyder M. L., Monumental Works, Essex Junction 286
State Normal School, Johnson, Lamoille Co., Vt 412
Strong & Parker, road machines, Vergennes, Ad. Co 430
Styles George E., bicycles, Burlington 420
Taylor A., florist, Burlington 514
Terrill George E., news agent, Underbill 392
Thorp H., Spanish Merino sheep, Charlotte 27a
Thynne Robert, dyer, Burlington, 38a
Truax J. W., water-wheels, Essex 380
University of Vermont, Medical Department, Burlington . . inside back cover
Vermont Episcopal Institute, Burlington 476
Vermont Life Insurance Co., Burlington, front fly-leaf
Wakefleld James, rigger and sail maker, Burlington 362
Walker, Hatch & Co., stair builders, Burlington 260
Walker O. J. & Bros., grocers, Burlington 300
Walker & Taplin, marble and granite, Burlington, opposite 481
Wheelock T. A., plumber, steam fitter, Burlington, 440
Whitney E. L., books and stationery, and jewelry Milton 366
Whitney W. E., gun and locksmith, Burlington ... 400
Wood W. W., boots and shoes, Burlington 400
Worden G. E. Mrs., millinery and fancy goods, Richmond 388
Worden G. E.. painter, Richmond 388
Wormell E. O., photographer, Burlington 514
Wright S. A., carriages and sleighs, Jericho 340
THE RATES OP POSTAGE.
Postal cards one cent each, to all parts of the United States and Canada.
FIRST-CLASS MATTER — THREE CENTS PER HALF OUNCE OR FRACTION THEREOF.
Letters and all other mailable matter of other classes subject to letter post- age by reason of a violation of the postal laws, three cents per half ounce to all parts of the United States and Canada.
REGISTRATION, DROP LETl'ERS, ETC
On registered domestic letters and third and fourth class matter an addi- tional fee of 10 cents is required.
Local or "drop" letters, that is, for the city or town where deposited, 2 cents, if delivered by carriers, and i cent if there is no carrier system, per half ounce.
RATES OF POSTAGE. H
Manuscript for publication in books, (except when accompanied by proof sheets,) newspapers and magazines chargeable as letters.
FREE.
Newspapers, to each actual subscriber in the county where published free of charge.
SECOND-CLASS MATTER — TWO CENTS PER POUND.
Newspapers and periodicals, transient excepted, to be prepaid at the office of publication, at 2 cents per pound, or fraction thereof.
THIRD-CLASS MATTER ONE CENT FOR TWO OUNCES.
(Must not be sealed.)
Mail-matter of the third-class embraces books (printed and blank), tran- sient newspapers and periodicals, circulars and other matter wholly in print, proof sheets and corrected proof-sheets and manuscript copy accompanying the same, hand-bills, posters, chromo-lithographs, engravings, envelopes with printing thereon, heliotypes, lithographs, photographic and stereo- scopic views with the title written thereon, printed blanks, printed cards ; and in general, all impressions or copies obtained upon paper, parchment, or card-board, by means of printing, lithographing, or any other mechanical process, except the copying press; and postage shall be paid thereon at the rate of one cent for each two ounces or fractional part thereof
FOURTH-CLASS MATTER ONE CENT FOR EACH OUNCE,
Mailable matter of the fourth-class embraces blank cards, card-board and other flexible material, flexible patterns, letter envelopes, and letter-paper without printing thereon, merchandise, models, ornamented paper, sample cards, samples of ores, metals, minerals, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions, drawings, plans, designs, original paintings in oil or water colors, and any other matter not included in the first, second, or third classes, and which is not in its form or nature liable to destroy, deface or otherwise damage the contents of the mail bag, or harm the person of any one engaged in the pos- tal service. Postage rate thereon, one cent for each ounce or fractional part thereof
Packages of mail matter must not exceed four pounds each in weight, ex- cept in cases of single volumes of books.
Undelivered letters and postal cards can be re-sent to a new address with- out additional charge.
Senders may write their names on transient newspapers, books, or any package in either class, preceded by the word " from."
Stamps cut from the stamped envelopes are rejected by the postoffice. Stamped envelopes and wrappers, postal cards, and stamps of different de- nominations for sale at postoffices.
Stamped envelopes accidentally spoiled redeemed at any postoffice.
12
POSTOFFICES AND POSTMASTERS — MAIL ROUTES.
Postoffices and Postmasters in Chittenden Co., Vt.
POSTOFFICE.
Bolton,
*Burlington,
Charlotte,
Colchester,
East Charlotte.
Elssex,
•Essex Junction,
•Hinesburgh,
Huntington,
Huntington Center,
•Jericho,
Jericho Center,
Jonesville,
Malletfs Bay,
•Milton,
North Underhill,
North Williston,
•Richmond,
St George,
Shelbume,
Underbill,
Underhill Center,
West Bolton,
Westford,
West Milton,
Williston,
•Winooski,
TOWN.
Bolton,
Burlington,
Charlotte,
Colchester,
Charlotte,
Essex,
Essex,
Hinesburgh,
Huntington,
Huntington,
Jericho,
Jericho,
Richmond,
Colchester,
Milton,
Underbill,
Williston,
Richmond,
St. George,
Shelbume,
Underhill,
Underbill,
Bolton,
Westford,
Milton,
Williston,
Colchester,
POSTMASTER.
James F. Whalen
Buel J. Derby
Mrs. Nancy C. Pope
Alfred W. Howard
Joseph S. Shaw
George H. Brown
Edgar A. Beach
Leonard Andrews
George W. Sayles
Edson W. Ellis
John A, Percival
Edgar H. Lane
Ansel Eddy
Alexander C. Morrison
Eben L. Whitney
Fillmore J. Robinson
John Whitcomb
Edgar T. Jacobs
Norman I sham
Mrs. A, M. Lowry
Darwin G. French
Gaylord A. TerriU
Fred W. Hall
Irving E. Huntley
Willard L. Sanderson
Smith Wright
James W. Edwards
Bates of Commission Charged lor Money Orders.
On orders not exceeding $15.00, ten cents ; over $15.00 and not exceed- u^g $30.00, fifteen cents; over $30.00 and not exceeding $40.00, twenty cents ; over $40.00 and not exceeding $50.00, twenty-five cents. No single order issued for a greater sum than $50.00
Star Mail Routes and Stage Lines in Chittenden Co.
(Government route numbers are given when known.)
2230 Hinesburgh to Burlington, by St. George, 13 miles and back, daily except Sundays. From April i,to September i, leaves Hinesburgh at 8 a. m., arriving at Burlington 1 1 a. m.; leaves Burlington at 2 p. m., ar- riving at Hinesburgh by 5 p. m. From October i, to March 31, leaves Hinesburgh at 8:30 a. m., arriving at Burlington by 12m.; leaves Burling- ton at 2 p. m., arriving at Hinesburgh by 5:30 p. m. Harly Palmer of Hinesburgh, is mail carrier; passenger fare to St. George, 75 cents, and from St George to Hinesburgh, 25 cents. Telegrams should be sent to Hinesburgh.
* Money order oflkea.
MAIL ROUTES. 1 3
2231 Burlington to Grand Isle, by Winooski, Colchester, West Milton, South Hero, and Keeler's Bay, 26 miles and back, daily except Sundays, from July i, to September 30, and three times a week the residue of the year. From July i, to September 30, leaves Burlington at 8 a. m., arriving at Grand Isle by 4 p. m.; leaves Grand Isle at 7 a. m., arriving at Burhngton by 3 p. m. From October i, to June 30, leaves Burling- ton Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 9 a. m., arriving at Grand Isle by 2 p. m.; leaves Grand Isle Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at 7 p. m., arriving at Burlington by 3 p. m.; leaves Burlington Tues- day, Thursday, and Saturday, at 9 a. m., arriving at Grand Isle by 5 p. m.
2233 East Georgia to Westford, by Fairfax, 8 miles and back. Twice daily to Fairfax, and once daily the residue. Leaving East Georgia daily except Sunday, at 8:45 a. m., and 7:05 p. m., or on arrival of train ; arrive at Fairfax at 9.45 a. m., and 8,05 p. m. Leave at 7 a. m., and on Saturday on arrivai of mail from Georgia, say at 9:30 a. m.; arriving at Westford by 8 a. m., and on Saturday by 10:30 a. m. Leave West- ford at 8:30 a. m., and on Saturday at 1 1 a. m.; arriving at Fairfax by 9:30 a. m., and on Saturday at 12 m.
2229 East Charlotte to Railroad Station, by Charlotte, 4 miles and back, daily except Sundays. Leaves East Charlotte at 3:15 p. m., ar- riving at Railroad Station by 4:30 p. m.; leaves the station at 4:45 p. m., or on arrival of train, arriving at East Charlotte by 6 p. m. The stage is run by A. F. Gillett and William Quinlan, accommodating pass- engers. Telegrams and express matter should be sent to the Railroad Station. Stage runs between Charlotte and the depot twice daily.
2225 Jericho Center to Jericho, 3 miles and back, daily, except Sunday. Leaves Jericho Center at 11:30 a. m., arriving at Jericho by 12:30 p. m.; leaves Jericho at i p. m., arriving at Jericho Center by 2 p. m. E. Frank Lane, mail carrier; passenger fare 25 cents. Telegraph office at Jericho.
2232 Milton to West Milton, 4^ miles, daily except Sundays. Leaves Milton at 9 a. m., arriving at West Milton by 10:15 a. m.; leaves West Milton at 10:45 ^- ™-> arriving at Milton by 12 m. Joseph B. Riddick, mail carrier, ; passenger fare 25 cents. Telegraph office at Milton.
2228 Huntington Center to Richmond, by Huntington. 9 miles, daily ex- cept Sundays. Leaves Huntington Center at 6 a. m , arriving at Rich- mond by 8 a. m., in time to connect with train ; leaves Richmond at 9 a. m., arriving at Huntington Center at 12 m. W. C. Brewster, mail carrier ; passenger fare 50 cents. Telegrams should be sent to Rich- mond.
2224 Underhill Center to Underhill, 2^ miles, daily except Sundays. Leaves Underhill Center at 8 a. m., or in season to connect with train, arriving at Underhill by 8:45 a. m.; leaves Underhill at 9 a. m., or on arrival of train, arriving at Undrehill Center by 9:45 a. m. E. H. Prouty, mail carrier, two horses; passenger fare 15 cents. Telegraph and express office at Underhill.
2226 West Bolton to Jonesville, 5J miles and back, three times a week. Leaves West Bolton Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday at 6:45 *• ^m ^^
14 CONGRESSMEN— COUNTY OFFICERS.
in season to connect with train, arriving at Jonesville by 8 a. m.; leaves Jonesville at 9 a. m., or on arrival of train, arriving at West Bolton by 10:15 a. m. Exlwin Hall, mail carrier; passenger fare 30 cents. Tele- grams should be sent to Jonesville.
2227 WiLLiSTON TO North Williston, 2^ miles and back, twelve times per week. Leaves Williston daily, except Sunday, at 7 a. m., and 4 p. m., arriving at North Williston by 7:30 a. m., and 4:30 p. m.; leaves North Williston at 8:30 a. m , and 5:30 p. m., arriving at Williston by 9 a. m., and 6 p. m. H. L. Charles is mail carrier, the stage accommodating passengers. Telegrams and express matter should be sent to North Williston.
CONGRESSMEN-
United States Senator.
George F. Edmunds, (term expires 1887,) Burlington
Representative in Congress. William W. Grout, (third district, term expires 1882,) Barton
COUNTY OFFICERS.
Chief Judge,
P. O. ADDRESS
Hon. Homer E. Royce St. Albans
Assistant Judges, County Court.
Hon. Thomas D. Chapman Charlotte
Hon. Ezra B. Andrews Richmond
Judge of Probate.
Torrey E. Wales Burlington
Registers of Probate.
E. B. Taft Burlington.
George W. Wales
County Clerk.
A. J. Howard Burlington
state's Attorney.
Marcellus A« Bingham Essex Junction
Sberifl*.
Luman Drew Burlington
High Bailiff.
Adoniram Austin Burlington
Treasurer.
Edward W. Peck Burlington
state Senators.
Asher C. Robinson North Underhill
Charles W. Woodhouse Burlington
Walter A. Weed Shelburne
JUSTICES OF THE PEACE — REPRESENTATIVES. 1 5
Justices of the Peace.
Bolton. — ^John Phillips, J. H. Smith, ancl R. J. Sabens.
Burlington.— W. H. Brink, H. N. Drury, W. H. Hare, F. J. Hendee, J. H. Holton, H. S. Peck, W. H. Root, J. W. Russell, James B. Scully, M. R. Tyler, T. E. Wales, and H. O. Wheeler.
Charlotte.— D. C. Gillett, J. M. Dean, A. W. Sherman, A. A. Byington, W. W. Higbee, D. W. Hazard, and W. W. Bradley.
Colchester. — A. O. Hood, M. Gibbons, S. H. Edson, W. H. Whitman, Al- phonse Dubuc, G. D. Nash, E. O. Johnson, W. B. Macrae, Charles Collins, W. H. McBride, J. B. Small, and W. W. W. Thompson.
Essex.— T. W. R. Nichols, A, B. Halbert, L. C. Butler, F. C. Williams, J. O. McKeen, J. W. Truax, S. A. Brownell, Edwin Andrews, M. L. Snyder and Lysander Wood worth.
Hinesburgh. — Elmer Beecher, W. J. Douglass, J. L. Rockwood, C. G. Peck, Josiah Barker, J. F. Allen and M. F. Remington.
Huntington. — H. R. Norton, C. D. Carpenter, Noble Ross, A. E. Bates and Chester Ross.
Jericho.— M. V. Willard, A. B. Somers, E. C. Fay, R. M. Galusha, S. B. Bliss, H. N. Percival and S. S. Thompson.
Milton.— B. Fairchild, P. A. Booth, S. M. St. John, R. Flinn, George Ashley, J. W. Brown, Lester Rice, A, B. Caswell, J. W. Flinn and E. Reynolds.
Richmond.— Salmon Green, S. F. Cutler, I. W. Sayles, E. R. Jones, W. D. Hall, Giles Howe and C. E. Green.
Shelburne. — R. J. White, W. A. Weed, H. N. Newell, James Patterson, N. R. Miller, James Sutton and H. Geer.
South Burlington. — Frederick Headly, F. N. Drury, L. B. Baldwin, J. J. VanSicklen and J. E. Smith.
St. George. — I. O. Lockwood, Henry Lawrence, H. H. Tilley, Norman Isham and H. B. Isham.
Underbill — S. M. Mead, A. Marlow, L. Brown, S. Deavitt, I. N. Austin, F. Barrett and Thomas Shanley.
Westford. — Alncy Stone, I. H. Macomber, A. C. Robinson, B. F. Marrs, R. M. Huntley, Albert Weed, and T. B. Tyler.
Williston.— William Miller, W. N. Murray, Jackson Miller, C. E. Baldwin, G. W. Whitney, Hiram Walston, and G. A. Chapman.
RepresentatiTes.
POSTOFFICE.
Bolton, Thomas B. Whalen, Bolton
Burlington, Russell S. Taft, Burhngton
Charlotte, Charles D. Prindle East Chariotte
Colchester, Francis Leclair Winooski
Essex, Charles H. Nichols Essex
Hinesburgh, J. H. Allen Hinesburgh
Huntington, O. H. Ellis Huntington Center
Jericho, C. S. Palmer Jericho
l6 COUNTY OFFICERS — COURTS — SOCIETIES.
Milton, H. H. Rankin Milton
Richmond, H. A. Hodges Richmond
Shelbume, D. C. Smith Shelbume
South Burlington, E. Thayer Burlington
St. George, M. W. Hinsdill St George
Underhill, G. W. Woodworth, Jr Underhill Center
Westford, Ira Stevens Westford
Williston, H. A. Clark Williston
Town Clerk*.
Bolton^ James F. Whalen; Burlington, William H. Root; Charlotte, W. W. Higbee ; CoUhester, H. V. Horton ; Essex, T. W. R. Nichols ; Hines- burgh, J. F. Miles; Huntington, G. W. Sayles; Jericho, E. F. Lane; Milton, H. H. Rankin ; Richmond, Salmon Green ; Shelbume, W. H. Tyler ; South Burlington, J. E. Smith ; St, George, I. O. Lockwood ; Underhill, J. J. Mon- ahan ; Westford, L. M. Bates ; Williston, W. N. Murray.
COURTS IN CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
At Court House, Burlington. Sopreme Coort. First Tuesday in January.
County Coort.
First Tuesday in April, and third Tuesday in September.
SOCIETIES.
Manonic FraternUy.
Burlington. — Washington Lodge, No. 3, F. & A. M., Charles W. Wingate, W. M. ; regular communications first Wednesday evening of each month, at Masonic Hall.
Burlington Lodge, No. 100, F. & A. M., Elihu B. Taft, W. M. ; meets first Tuesday evening of each month, at Odd Fellows HalL
Burlington Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., H. M. Phelps, H. P. ; regular convocations second Wednesday evening of each month.
Burlington Commandary, No. 2, K. T., George H. Kinsley, E. C. ; reg- ular conclave third Wednesday evening of each month.
Burlington Council, No. 5, R. & S. M., A, C. Tulle, T. L M. ; regular convocations fourth Wednesday evening of each month.
Vermont Council Deliberation, A. A, S. R., George O. Tyler, deputy for Vermont commander-in-chief, and William Brinsmaid, ist lieut- commander.
Vermont Consistory, S. P. R. S., William M. Henry, commander-in- chief ; regular meetings fourth Friday evening of each month.
Delta Chapter of Rose Croix, H. R. D. M., Sayles Nichols, M. W. and P. M. ; regular meetings fourth Friday of each month.
SOCIETIES. 17
Joseph W. Roby Council, Princes of Jerusalem, George H. Kinsley, M. £. S. P. G. M. ; regular meetings second Friday of each month.
Haswell Lodge of Perfection, A. & A. S. R., M. Wilson Johnson, T. P. G. M. ; regular meetings first Friday of each month.
Star of Bethlehem Conclave, Knights of the Red Cross of Constantine, No. I, W. H. S. Whitcomb, sovereign; regular meetings first Monday evening of each month.
Bethany Conclave, No. 4, C. P. Courier, sovereign.
Charlotte. — Friendship Lodge, No. 24, F. & A. M., meets first Tuesday evening of each month.
Colchester. — Webster Lodge, F. & A. M., meets first Thursday evening of each month.
Essex. — MacDonough Lodge, No. 26, F. & A. M., communications on Thursdays of the weeks the moon fulls.
HiNESBURGH. — Patriot Lodge, No. 33, F. & A. M., regular communications first Friday evening of each month.
Milton. — Seneca Lodge, No. 40, F. & A. M., meets Tuesday evening of the week the moon fulls.
Richmond. — North Star Lodge, No. 12, F. & A. M., meets Tuesday evening of the week the moon fulls.
Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
Burlington. — Green Mountain Lodge, No. i, L O. O. F., EliPoquette, N. G.; regular meetings Monday evening of each week.
Green Mountain Encampment, No. 3, S. R. Wager, C. P.; regular meetings first and third Thursday evenings of each month.
Hamilton Lodge, No. 14, I. O. O. F.; H. A. Crandall, N. G.j regular meetings on Friday evening of each week.
Colchester. — Winooski Lodge, No. 37, L O. O. F., meets Wednesday even- ing of each week.
Knigkts of Honor.
Richmond. — Una Lodge, No. 2426, meets first and third Wednesday of each month.
Temperance Societies*
Burlington. — Champlain Lodge, No. 20, I. O. of G. T., regular meetings Tuesday evening of each week.
Burlington Reformed Men's Club, regular business meetings on Wednes- day evening, and public service on Sunday at five o'clock p. m.
Women's Christian Temperance Union, room. Temperance Hall, Wheeler's Block, Mrs. E. B. Lund, president.
Milton. — The Milton Temperance Reform Club, organized in 1879, meets every Friday evening in the Cengregational church. Object, to pro- mote the cause of temperance.
The Women's Christian Temperance Union, H. G. Hammond, president; meets second and fourth Wednesdays of each month.
9
l8 SOCIETIES.
Underhill. — Mt Mansfield Lodge, No. 114, I. O. G. T., meets Tuesday evening of each week.
WiLUSTON. — Crystal Lodge, No. 34, 1. O. of G. T., meets Monday evening of each week.
Grand Army ot the Repoblic— Departmeiit of Yermoiit. Posts in Chitten-
CoDnty.
Burlington. — Stannard Post, No. 2, G. A. R., F. S. Francis, commander, meets every Friday evening from May to October, and ist and 3rd Fridays of each month from October to May.
HiNESBURGH. — Cimimings Post No. 37, J. H. Allen, commander, meets last Saturday evening of each month.
Bandft*
Burlington. — Sherman Military Band, twenty-five pieces, George D. Sher- man, master, organized in 1878. M. James Tuite, secretary, and Henry Thompson, treasurer.
HiNESBURGH. — The Hinesburgh Comet Band, twelve pieces, John K. Pat- rick, leader, was organized in 1863. Meets at Town Hall every Sat- urday evening.
Huntington. — William K. Bryant's Orchestra, five pieces, William K. Bry- ant, leader.
Jericho. — ^Jericho Comet Band has twelve pieces.
Milton. — Milton Silver Comet Band, fourteen pieces, C. C. Wood, leader, meets Wednesday evening of each week in graded school building.
Westford. — ^The Westford Band, F. B. McComber, leader, was organized in 1872.
Snbordinate Granges, P* of H.
MiLTON. — Ethan Allen Grange, No. 24, meets Wednesday evenings on or before the full moon of each month.
WiLLiSTON. — Chittenden Grange, No. 56, G. W. Whitney, W. M. ; meets Friday before the full moon.
Miscellaneoos Societies.
Burlington. — St. Joseph's Society, A. H. Duhamel, president ; regular meetings first and third Thursdays of each month.
St. John Baptist Society, Clement Beaupre. president ; regular meetings Tuesday evening of each week, in Wood's Building, cor. College and Center streets.
Burlington Philharmonic Society, Jo D. Hatch, president; George Johnson, secretary; and Prof. N. H. Thompson, conductor; weekly meetings Tuesday evening of each week, at their hall in Exchange Block.
Board of United States Examining Surgeons for Pensions; H. H. Atwater, president ; S. W. Thayer, secretary ; regular meetings first and third Wednesdays of each month, 10 a. m., at Dr. Atwater's, 44 Pine St.
Burlington Medical and Surgical Club, H. H. Atwater, president ; Jo H. Linsley, vice-pres. ; and £. W. Lovell, secretary and treasurer.
FIRK COMPANIES — WINOOSKI VILLAGE GOVERNMENT. I9
^^^M^^H^^BH^^M^^^^^V^H^^H^^B^^^^^^B^i^^^^H^^^^^— ^^■^^^_^^>a_^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B^^^^^^-^^^^^^^^B^^B— ^■■^^^■^■^■^^^^^^■^^^■^^■^■«^"^^^^^^^^^^^H^^— ^^■^^■B^H^M^^^^^^^^^M^^^B^^^H^B^HM^^^B^^^^^
Burlington Council of the American Legion of Honor, L. G. Burnham, commander ; E. Stanley Hall, vice-commander ; L. B. Lord, post commander, and C. P. Nichols, secretary.
The Young Men's Christian Association, was organized May 28, 1866. It is in a prosperous condition, with rooms on Church street.
Company E., Green Mountain Boys, W. G. DeCelle, captain; James Miles, first lieutenant, and Richard Shepard, second lieutenant. Headquarters, First Regiment National Guards of Vermont.
Milton. — Milton Borough Reading Society, Lester Rice, president, was or- ganized in 1864.
Williston. — Williston Lyceum, organized in January, 1882, G. W. Whitney, president.
WiNOOSKi. — St. John the Baptist Society, a mutual benefit association, Oscar Shepard, president, was organized in July, 1877.
FIRE COMPANIES
Burlington, — Hook and Ladder Company, No. t, has forty-six members, with George Murphy, foreman.
Star Hose Company No. 2 has twenty-one members, with George E. Cowlbeck, foreman.
Boxer Engine Company, No. 3, has forty-five members, with Thomas E. Dooley, foreman.
Ethan Allen Engine Company, No. 4, has eighty-two members, with W. H. Lane, Jr., foreman.
Howard Hose Company, No. 5, has fifteen members, with Milo C. Graton, foreman.
Clipper Hose Company. No. 6, has sixteen members, with John W. Louther, foreman.
Barnes Hose Company, No. 7, has thirty members, with William G. Hudson, foreman.
Volunteer Hose Company, No. i, has thirty-six members, with H. R, Conger, foreman.
Volunteer Engine Company, No. i , Henry Loomis, captain.
WiNOOSKL — Winooski Steamer Company, organized July 13, 1882, has up- wards of twenty-five members, with J. A. Harvey, foreman.
George Sawyer Volunteer Hose Company, No. i, has forty members, with William Brothers, foreman.
WINOOSKI VILLAGE GOVERNMENT.
Clerk and Treasurer^ William Kidder; Ci;//f^A7r, Allen Stone; Trustees^ Alien Stone, John P. Reed, William H. Brothers, L. F. Burdick, Henry Cooaot, and Lewis Barabeej Polueman, Allen Stone; Fire Wardens, Alex McDaonell, George D. Nas^, and Joseph Mongeon.
20 publisher's notes
PUBLISHER'S NOTES.
Adsit & BiGELOW, of Burlington, are wholesale and retail dealers in coal and wood of various grades. Purchasers will do well to remember this firm when in need of their goods. Card on page 362.
H. D. Alexander, proprietor of "Lake View Vineyards" publishes a card on page 270. He propogates and keeps for sale the principal valuable grapes and small fruit trees. Trees and vines grown in this climate and soil will be found to do better than most of the imported stock.
O. H. Alexander, of Charlotte, originator and dealer in a large variety of choice cereals and potatoes, advertises on page 300. His offer to send sam- ples of grain before shipments should attract a large number of correspond- ents among the enterprising farmers of the country.
C. C. Allen & Son, furniture dealers, etc., opposite City Park, Burlington, print an attractive card on page 392. The styles exhibited by this firm are suited to the demands of all classes of customers. Citizens of the county should bear this fact in mind.
Charles £. Allen, attorney at law, t8i College St., Burlington has had many years' experience as attorney and solicitor in patent cases. Inventors and others interested in American and foreign patents, can learn of him much that will aid them, and he is prepared to secure patents on most favorable terms. See card on page 350.
John H. Allen, of Hinesburgh, on page 316, calls attention to the fact that he is prepared to supply the best of harness, heavy and light wagons, lumber, shingles, maple sugar, eta, all on favorable terms. Don't forget it!
Prof. G. Baribeault, a disciple of Orpheus, in\ites your attention to his card on page 456. If you will call on the Professor, at his rooms in Burling- ton, he will soon convince you that it is indeed true that *' music hath power to soothe the savage breast." He is an experienced teacher in both vocal and instrumental music.
K A. Beach, dealer in fine clothing of all sizes, from little bo>^ just out of dresses, to the towering six footer with a fifty inch waist, will be glad to see all who call on him at flssex Junction. See card on page 400.
J. S. Benham deals in the goods appertaining to a first class drug trade, at Milton Depot. We cheerfully commend him to your patronage, reader, and suggest, when in the vicinity of his place of business, and in need of goods in his line, that you call on him. See his card on page 466.
E. Besett, of Richmond, is agent for the celebrated Buckeye mower and reaper, and also for J. W. Goodell & Co*s. Marble and Granite Works. Be- sides all this he is a carpenter and joiner of good repute. Representing first- class houses, Mr. Besett is a man to be relied upon. Card on page 350.
Joseph Bissonett, of Jericho, deals in hardware, iron and steel, farm- ing tools, etc, and manufactures milk-can covers and cans, which are declared to be the best in the market Farmers and milk men should examine them. Card on page 366.
publisher's notes. 21
Geo. H. Bostwick, of South Burlington, will be pleased to exhibit to lovers of fine stock his full blood Merino sheep, fine horses and Jersey cattle, which he breeds for those who desire to improve their domestic ani- mals. See card on page 388.
Andrew Boutin, wholesale and retail dealer in millinery, furnishing and fancy goods, crockery, wall paper, etc., etc., on Church St., prints an illustrated advertisement on page 260. He buys from the best markets, and offers superior inducements to customers.
The Bristol Herald, of Bristol, Vt., published by the Wilson Brothers, issues a card opposite page 481. This lively sheet has quite a circulation in Chittenden County, where its weekly advent is received with acclamations of pleasure. " May its editor's shadow [nor his subscription list] never grow less."
Bronsons, Weston, Dunham & Co., large lumber dealers and manufac- turers of pickets, moldings, shingles, etc., have their mills for dressing and re-sawing located at Burlington, while their principal office is at Boston. See their card on back of fly-leaf.
Brown, of the Burlington Photo. Company, sends out his greeting to the citizens of Chittenden County, in a neat card on page 310. His facilities are equal to any emergency, and prices within the reach of all.
Henry A. Brush, the well-known taxidermist, of Milton, publishes a card on page 554 to which we cheerfully invite your notice and consideration. Mr. Brush is an enthusiast in his work, which fact, coupled with artistic genius and enterprise, renders him justly celebrated in the art. He also is a breeder and dealer in fancy fowls, choice singing and other cage birds.
Dr. F. C. Burbank, of St. Albans, Vt., treats cancers without the use of the knife. The Doctor has made this painful, unusually fatal disease, a par- ticular study, arriving, he thinks, at the secret of its cure. All sufferers from this terrible malady will do well to consult the Doctor. We refer you to his card on page 500.
The Burlington Clipper, C. S. Kinsley, editor and publisher, is indeed a clipper. Not that it " clips " its articles, — though it does clip superfluous letters from its words, spelling phonetically, sometimes fun-etically, but that it sails full clipper-rigged to the heart of all news and topics of interest. In fact, it is a live, energetic newspaper. We wish the Clipper continued pros- perity. See card on page 486.
The Burlington Free Press and Times, daily and weekly, an historical sketch of which is given on page 57, comes forward as one of the oldest and most influential papers in the State, its value seeming to have increased like wine, with age. The Free Press Association, under whose management it is, spares no pains nor expense to make it, as is well known^ the most newsy and reliable sheet published in this section of the country. The Association has also unexcelled facilities for job printing, and also carries a large stock of starionery, paper, etc. See their card on page 406.
Burlington Spoke Company, Walker & Hatch, agents, advertise their specialties on page 260. Their goods have earned an enviable reputation.
The Burlington Woolen Company's Mills are quite fully described on page 182. They are the largest in the State, and by employment of labor
22 publisher's notes.
and consumption of material add much to the wealth of the county. Adver- tisement on page 306.
L. G. BuRNHAM & Co., of Burlington, are among the most extensive manu- facturers of picture frames and moldings, in the State. They are also- wholesale dealers in photographic materials. Z. G, Burnham^ of this firm, is one of the best photographers in this section of the country. See card on page 346.
B. W. Carpenter & Co., of the Central Drug Store, at Burlington^ dispense cool soda-water in the summer time, and sell first-class goods in all departments the year round. See card on page 280.
C. J. Carpenter, wholesale and retail dealer in meats, at Hinesburgh, is prepared to furnish patrons with choice selections in any desired quantity. He also deals in hides, pelts and country produce. Card on page 316.
Central House, at Essex Junction, has been recently opened by the popular landlord, E. O. Joslyn. The house is in complete repair and is well furnished. Notice the attractions offered in card on page 310.
The Central Vermont Railroad Co. — This extensive corporation, operating a majority of all the Vermont lines, offers superior accom- modations to the traveling public. With palace cars by day and sleeping cars by night, attentive officers, and quick time, it is a pleasure to travel over this superb road, among the mountains, along the picturesque valleys, and anon catching glimpses of the beautiful Lake Champlain — the ever varying scenery makes this a popular route for tourists. The principal offices are located at St. Albans. See card page 446.
Champlain Transportation Company. — The steamers of this fine are the finest on the lake, are officered by experienced men, and af- ford every facility for comfort and luxurious traveling. A vacation of two or three days can be no more pleasantly spent than in making a tour of Lake Champlain, and Lake George, by these steamers and connecting lines of rail- road. P. VV. Barney, the gentlemanly superintendent at Burlington, will af- ford all information needed. Sec advertisement on page 290.
Dr. E. R. Chase and Dr. E. R. Eaton, 153 Champlain street, Bur- lington, print a card, stating office hours, etc., on page 456. We cheerfully commend them to the service of our patrons.
N. E. Clifpord, contractor and builder, at Hinesburgh, is not only capable of taking entire charge of the construction of a building of any size, but he will also prepare plans, specifications, and estimates, and i/vnll furnish sash, doors, blinds, etc, on favorable terms. Card on page 316.
H. E. CoLviN, M. D., Homeopathist, No. 49 Church st., Burlington, an- nounces his office hours on page 412. He has prepared himself especially for the treatment of diseases of women and children.
John Cormea & Sons, the broom and brush manufacturers of Burling- ton, advertise on page 280. This firm buys stock of the best quality, direct, and make honest goods, for little money.
Henry H. Davis's store, located at 65 Church st„ Burlington, is a popular resort for those who are interested in books, music, or art, as he keeps an extensive line of the goods appertaining to these accomplishments constantly on hand. We respectfully refer you to his card on page 466, and suggest that you give him a call.
publisher's notes. 23
DegRe & Martin, first-class carriage makers, at Hinesburgh, also man- ufacture bent wood work for the trade. DegRe's patent tire-oven is a great saving of fuel and of time, as all blacksmiths who have used them can attest. See card on page 316. '
T. A. DouBLEDAY, of Winooski, has for a long time given his attention to the manufacture of furniture, and at this time he has the largest manu- factory of the kind in the county. Besides ash and walnut cottage furni- ture, he makes a specialty of extension tables. In this line of goods he has acquired a large wholesale trade. His card appears on page 274.
Isaiah Dow, of Hinesburgh, has probably the finest equipped mill in Ver- mont for his special class of manufactures. His many years' experience in the manufacture of cassimeres, flannels, fancy and plain stocking yarn,\justly entitles him to the enviable position he holds among the manufacturers of his State. Mr. Dow presents a cut of his mills, with card, on page 416.
Wm. M. Doyle, general blacksmith, at Essex Junction, is also a dealer in iron, nails, bolts and other blacksmith goods, and makes wagons to order. Give him a call if you have not already done so. Card on page 350.
Edwin I. Drury, the popular liveryman at Essex Junction, has trusty horses and good carriages at reasonable prices. He also sells Davis sewing machines, which are considered by many the best in the market. Card on page 324.
Edwards, Stevens & Co., of the Extension Foundry and Machine Shop, at Winooski, are more fully written up in our Colchester chapter. They have earned a reputation for turning out first-class machinery in all depart- ments of manufacture. See card on page 286.
Z. H. Farrand, of Essex, Vt., the well known botanist and pharma- ceutist, is manufacturer of his celebrated Anodyne Liniment, Blood and Liver Bitters, and several other proprietary medicines, which are all guaran- teed of purely vegetable composition. He desires drug sufferers to come to him for health. Card on page 300.
Flanagan's Livery is located on Mechanic st., Burlington. Parties may here find trusty horses, fine carriages, and, when needed, careful drivers. See card on page 400.
Geo. a. Foote, of East Charlotte, is agent for the well-known Warrior mowers and Beekmantown plows. He is also a successful dealer in general merchandise. He is sure to win friends and patrons. Card on page 296.
R. A. Foote & Son, of Middlebury, Vt., deals in the Casady sulky plow. This plow has no land side, but carries all the weight on its wheels, enabhng it to perform a given amount of work, with less draft than can be done with a walking plow. See their card opposite page 481 where he invites corres- pondence.
J. B. Forrant, proprietor of the Lake View House, Burlington, prints a card on page 466, setting forth the merits of his hotel. When convenient, pay him a visit, and test the truthfulness of his assertions.
Loyal Foster, proprietor of Foster's Asthma Cure, Pain Extractor, Nerve and Liver Drops, Strengthening Plasters, etc., prints a card on page 412. Mr. Foster desires correspondence respecting his medicines and flavoring ex- tracts and essences.
24 publisher's notes.
Thomas Fraser, hamessmaker and dealer, in all kinds of horse goods, at Williston, will be glad to see the farmers and business men for many miles around. He has had twenty years' experience, and believes he can supply them all with horse clothing equal to any in the market. Card on page 412.
J. W. GooDELL & Co., of Burlington, who print a card on the front fly- leaf, have every facility, including a large capital, for manufacturing marble and granite. They are prepared to undertake work of any design and of any magnitude, assuring to their patrons entire satisfaction. For a more ex- tended description see page 104.
George I. Hagar, of Burlington, has a full line of saddlery, builder's, cab- inet and house furnishing hardware, and also a large stock of paints, oils and varnishes, which he offers for sale at very moderate prices. Note his card on the outside of the map, and, when desiring anything in his line, call and examine his goods.
F. P. Harden & Co., boot and shoe dealers, at Burlington, keep full lines of all kinds of goods in their trade, at prices to suit all classes of customers. Go see them. Card on page 280.
John W. Hayes is located on Champlain street, Burlington, where he offers for sale a fine line of groceries and provisions, and also deals in coal and wood, at reasonable prices. If you contemplate traveling abroad you will do well to consult Mr. Hayes, also, as he is agent for several trans- Atlantic lines of steamers, and cheerfully gives information. See his card on page 456.
Henry, Johnson & Lord, an enterprising firm of Burlington, offer nepenthe to their suffering brethren, in the several proprietary medicines they manufacture, mentioned in their card on page 465. We would advise all afflicted ones to heed their proclamation and receive a respite from the ills flesh is heir to.
XjEO. W. Holmes & Co., of 186 College st, Burlington, commenced busi- ness here as manufacturers and dealers in gloves and mittens, in 1874, since which time their trade, both wholesale and retail, has increased yearly, being now about eight times as great as seven years ago. This is the largest glove manufactory in the county, and they make a specialty of doing the finest work. See illustrated advertisement on page 374.
F. H. Hosford, of Charlotte, grower of choice spring and winter seed- grains, prints an attractive card on page 296. Farmers who desire to im- prove the standard of their grains, will do well to correspond with Mr. Hosford.
A. W. Howard, general merchant, at Colchester Center, by reason of fair and honest dealing, and a stock of seasonable goods always on hand to tempt the buyer, obtains and holds trade that would othen^dse naturally flow to Burl- ington. See card on page 296.
H. H. Howard &. Co., of Burlington, manufacturers of rubber stamps of all kinds, for marking, offer goods equal, if not superior, to any made in the larger cities, and their prices are very low — way down ; in fact, it is to the interest of all persons wanting these goods to correspond with this firm. See card on page 388.
L. B. & F. Howe, of the Jericho grist and flouring mills, are prepared to sup- ply flour, feed, meal, and in fact, all the products of a well regulated mill, on as
publisher's notes. 25
favorable terms as the market will afford, either at wholesale or retail. See card on page 340.
H. M. Hull, of Hinesburgh, a general merchant of experience, succeeds in bringing to this town such choice selections of goods, and at so favorable prices, that he attracts trade from many miles away. Country produce is a specialty with him. Card on page 324.
Jason E. Hunt, of Essex, breeder and dealer in thoroughbred Yorkshire hogs, prints a card on page 350. All who wish to improve their pork product wiU do well to enquire of Mr. Hunt.
J. M. IsHAM, merchant tailor, 72 Church st., Burlington, is prepared to give perfect fits in the way of custom clothing, from superior goods and of ex- cellent workmanship. Card on page 310.
The Johnson State Normal School, of Johnson, is under the manage- ment of one of the most competent instructors of the State, and has for its object the professional training of teachers. Those wishing such advantages wiU do well to address the principal, Mr. Edward Conant, late State superin- tendent of education. See card on page 412, and foot hnes.
R. A. Jones, of Richmond, whose card appears on page 384, carries a fine stock of boots and shoes, which he offers at reduced prices. Those having hides and pelts for sale will do well to consult him. Mr. Jones also deals in butter and cheese, for which he pays the highest market price.
S. C. Kimball & Co., manufacturers and dealers in doors, sash, blinds, moldings, etc., at Burlington, combine the advantages of experience, judg- ment, and a desire to please, in their business, thus enabling them to warrant satisfaction to the purchaser. See their card on page 486.
ElzRA Kinney, of Jericho, the enterprising carriage and sleigh maker, prints a card on page 366. Mr. Kinney uses the best materials of all kinds, em- ploys the best class of workmen, and guarantees satisfaction. Patronize him.
W. C. KiRBY, of Richmond, has gained considerable notoriety as a suc- cessful painter of church steeples without the use of staging. As a carriage, sign, and ornamental painter, he has a good reputation. Card on page 384.
L. Knapp, of Richmond, has re-opened the blacksmith shop formerly occu- pied by Peter Crane & Son, and is prepared to do justice to his patrons. See his card on page 384.
O. B. Landon, of Milton, is general agent for the famous Syracuse Chilled Plows, for the counties of Franklin and Chittenden, a cut of which he prints on page 514. He also is agent for several other valuable agricultural inven- tions, a list of which he prints in his card, to which we refer the reader.
Jerry Lee, of Burlington, bobs up serenely with a card on page 486. Those desiring any description of carriage or sleigh will receive every atten- tion from Mr. Lee.
Elias Lyman, located on South Wharf, Burlington, prints a card on the outside of the map. Mr. Lyman, as successor to Wilkins & Lyman, does an extensive business, dealing in coal, molding sand and Nova Scotia plaster. In his plaster mill alone, which is operated by a seventy-five horse-hower en- gine, he employs twelve men, grinding thirty tons of plaster per day. He is an experienced man in the business, and dealing largely, is always able to obtain the benefit of the lowest markets for his patrons.
26 publisher's notes.
Dr. £. P. Marshall, of Burlington, invites the attention of all those need- ing dental services, to his card on page 266. He is in every way qualified to give his patrons entire satisfaction in all branches of his profession. Call and see him when your teeth trouble you.
J. C. Martin, of 7 i Church street, Burlington, sells millinery and fancy- goods, and sewing machines. His mechanical cash delivery system is in working order, and a novelty well worth a call at his store to see. Card on page 324.
W. B. McKiLLiP, one of the successful grocers of Burlington, like the French, from whom the word grossur, or grocer, is derived, believes in having that which is tasteful and delicate, and hence carries a fine stock of choice goods. A visit to his store will convince you of the truth of this assertion. See his card on page 440.
P. H. McMahon is an experienced hair cutter and barber, located on Church street, Burlington. He makes a specialty of hair cutting, pa)ring par- ticular attention to cutting ladies' and children's hair. Note his card on page 456, and give him a call.
David Mitchell, plater in gold, silver, nickel, etc., has an office at G. I. ■Hager's store, in Burlington, while his factory is on Factory street, WinooskL l*he process of plating with metals is a very interesting one, and we recommend the citizens of the county to call and see the process. Take along some of your old ware and have it made as good as new for a little money. Advertisement on page 266.
Morehouse's proprietary medicines, so well known all over Chittenden County, are manufactured by G. Will Morehouse, of St. George, and if the local popularity is an index, this little town will yet be widely known through its patent medicines. Card on page 280.
W. F. Moulton, Burhngton, has something to say to those who are annoyed by bursting eaves-troughs and conductors, in his card on page 500. He has invented and patented something to eradicate the annoyance. Send for cir- culars and price lists. Among those who offer testimonials as to the high character of his goods are Gen. H. H. Baxter, of Rutland, and the officers of the Central Vt R. R., at St. Albans. He also manufactures a very simple yet ingenious hair crimper for ladies.
Henry J. Nelson, of Burlington, believing that " a thing of beauty is a joy forever," has devoted himself to furthering the happiness of his fellow-creat- ures by designing and manufacturing a line of beautiful furniture. All who would be made happy in the possession of a handsomely furnished home should give him a call. He prints a card on page 430.
Nye & Lavelle of Burlington, are wholesale and retail dealers in groceries, meats, poultry and country produce generally, and will give as good bargains as can be had anywhere. Card on page 346.
The Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain R. R. Co. publish a card on the outside of the map, istating some of the desirable points travelers will find in their road. The company have made complete arrangements for connection with other roads, and also take great pains to accommodate their patrons and make their journeys pleasant. We commend them to the reader and invite attention to their card.
publisher's notes. 27
J. V. Page, at his rooms on Church street, Burlington, keeps constantly on hand a supply of hrst-class sewing machines and sewing machine attach- ments and supplies. In these modern times, no family can afford to be with- out one of these useful articles. To all who are, however, Mr. Page has some- thing to say which will be to their advantage. See his card on page 420.
D. K. Patrick, at his foundry in Hinesburgh, manufactures a large variety of agricultural implements, among the most noted of which are his celebrated plows, made of Cook's patent steel mixture. See card on page 416.
E. H. Payn, located at 128 Church street, Burlington, is an enterprising lock and gunsmith, stencil plate cutter and steel stamp manufacturer, dealing in all the goods appertaining thereto, a list of which he publishes in his card on page 500.
T. S. Peck, one of the heaviest insurance agents in the State, located at Burlington, prints a notice on the inside of the front cover. He has $300 - 000,000.00 represented in the most reliable American and foreign companies. He has also special facihties for placing insurance for other agents, who have risks too heavy for them to wholly place, and at the same time guarantees their interests shall be carefully protected.
A. N. Percy of the ** Burlington Clothing Company," in the old " Lyman Block " comer of College and Church streets, Burlington, prints an illustrated announcement on page 434. In 1881, Mr. Percy's business had increased so as to demand more room and better facilities, consequently the stores of the block were thrown together, forming a single store 44x60 feet, entirely re- fitted in modem style. The location is one of the most desirable in the city, while its long association with some of the oldest and most successful busi- ness firms for more than half a century has given the block a reputation unsurpassed by any in this portion of the State. Mr. Percy will, by liberal and square dealing, continue to maintain its good reputation unimpared.
Frank Perry, of Kichmond, in his card on page 384, offers inducements to those wishing to purchase harnesses, trunks, wagon trimmings and horse goods generally. As he manufactures his own goods, he should be able to please all parties.
Pierce & Linsley, who have one of their principal offices located at Burling- ton, are extensive dealers in Western and Canada lumber, making a special- ty of Pine. They are prepared to fill orders for any amount on short notice See their card on back fly-leaf.
C. C. Post of Burlington, is extensively engaged in the manufacture and sale of improved utensils for the gathering of sap and making of maple sugar, that toothsome sweet, in the manufacture of which Vermont excels any one of the other States of the Union. Ten million pounds of maple sugar have been made in this state in a single year. How much labor might have been saved had all the manufacturers employed Mr. Post's improved appliances, is a problem. The reader is referred to Mr. Post's illustrated page, 356.
The Queen City Marble and Granite Works, Walker & Taplin, pro- prietors, manufacture all kinds of cemetery and building work, from the finest grades of foreign and domestic granite, marble and French gray stone, fin- ishing their work in an artistic manner, and on short notice. They also deal in flag-stone and curbing. Note their card opposite page 481, and when convenient call and examine their work.
28 publisher's notes.
Queen City Soap Works. — ^The business of this firm, established in 1876, has increased from a modest beginning to the extent requiring enlarged facil- ities. Accordingly the present commodious building, 104 Front street, was erected, and the business transferred thereto in 1881. The firm uses pure in- gredients in the manufacture of their soap, and so merits the extensive pat- ronage they enjoy. Their stearine candles are among the best in market Card on page 362.
Read & Patrick of Hinesburgh, are manufacturers of tin, sheet-iron and copper ware of every description, dealers in stoves, and are agents for the celebrated Studebaker wagons, of South Bend, Ind. They also deal in furs and skins. See card on page 416.
A. R. Robertson, manufacturer and dealer in tripe neats-foot oil, tal- low, &c, breeder and dealer in fine poultry, prints a card on page 296. All persons interested in his class of goods should correspond with him.
Dr. Amos Robinson, of Swanton, Vt., advertises his new cancer remedy on page 426. The remedy was first applied to a cancer on his own breast, in 1878, with perfect success. Next, Mr. Joseph Eaton, of Fairfield, who had a cancer under his left ear, which had been treated a long time by a noted can- cer doctor, without success, applied the remedy, which in ten days killed and removed the cancer. The Doctor refers to Mr. Eaton. Many other removals of cancers from the cheek, lips, nose, hands, breast, abdomen, &c, it is said, have been effected completely. He has several times been called to Boston, where he has applied his new treatment to cancer in the breast, successfully remov- ing them. The doctor has large specimens preserved, which may be seen at his office. He also removes wens, corns, moles, warts, &c.
D. E. Rood, of Jericho, the popular harness-maker of that town, prints his card on page 340. All in want of harnesses, whips, blankets, robes and other articles in his line, can be supplied here with first-class goods.
Charles H. Sager, manufacturer and dealer in furniture, at Burlington, presents an attractive card on page 336. In addition to new styles, Mr. Sager makes a specialty of old styles, and of dressing old time furniture to look as good as new.
H. E. Salls, of Burlington, advertises on bottom lines, fine cigars, masquer- ading goods, fireworks, guns, tents, periodicals, papers, &c., most anything you want and at low prices. Don't fail to call on him.
E. Sanctuary & Son, dealer in coffins and caskets, at Hinesburgh, are also carpenters and joiners of ability. They are prepared to supply goods in their line at reasonable prices, and as they have recently commenced the coffin and casket trade, they hope to merit a liberal share of patronage. Card on page
324-
Franklin Scott, patent solicitor and attorney in patent cases, at North Bennington. This gentleman has probably facilities for securing the inter- ests of his clients superior to any other attorney in Vermont, and undoubt- edly is not surpassed anywhere. Of a mechanical turn of mind, he has per- fected himself in the art of drawing and designing, until he now stands con- fessedly at the pinacle of the profession. His knowledge of mechanics enables him to point out defects or suggest improvements in the designs of his clients, and his immense library, pertaining to patent matters, enables him also to point out what has already been done, if anything, by others, to hin-
publisher's notes. 29
der the success of an application. Finally, his long experience in legal points connected with this peculair practice, combined with his other qualifications, eminently fits him for successfully advancing the interests of the inventor. As you would employ the most skillful physician to be obtained, in desperate cases of disease, so to secure your financial interests in patent matters you should employ one who understands how to introduce all the claims made, in such language and manner as will secure the desired rights and privileges. See Mr. Scott's advertisement, page 330.
B. F. Shanlev, contractor and builder, at Jericho, makes a specialty of the erection of houses and barns, with the aid of first-class workmen. Card on page 366.
E. P. Shaw, the fashionable clothier, cor. Church and Main sts., Burling- ton, is at all. times pleased to show his customers new styles in almost endless variety. He also keeps hats, trunks, robes, &c., in quality and style to suit the most fastidious. See card on page 266.
Shepard & Morse Lumber Co. — ^This firm, with offices in Burlington and Boston, Mass., are among the most extensive manufacturers and dealers in lumber in this part of the country, and are prepared to fill all orders at lowest market rates for same quality of goods. Card on page 346.
E. L. Shinville, of Hinesburgh, deals in choice dairy butter, which he has put up expressly for family use in packages as ordered. Families and grocers may also secure through him fresh eggs, beans, and country produce gener- ally. He is agent for pure dairy salt, from one of the best factories in the country. Card on page 7fi%,
Skillings, Whitnevs & Barnes, dealers in Canada, Michigan, and South- em pine, and manufacturers of all other grades of lumber, having steam mills for dressing, located at Burlington, is one of the heaviest firms in the country, and also one of the oldest in this section. Long experience, coupled with a courteous demeanor, renders them desirable people to deal with. See their card opposite page 480.
E. A. Sloan, of Underbill, manufacturer and dealer in tin, hollow, and woodenware, stoves, etc., prints a card on page 392. Mr. Sloan can supply goods in his line cheap as anybody, and of as good material. Patronize him.
Smith & Pease of " the Blue Store," on Church street, Burlington, have long been known as leading clothiers. No better goods or in greater variety can be found in the State. Trunks, hats, robes, and furnishing goods are among ther specialties. See their foot line advertisements on directory pages, and be sure to call and make the acquaintance of this popular firm.
H. W. Smith & Son, extensive roof slaters, located on Champlain street, Burlington, solicit our patrons custom. As they are also wholesale dealers in all qualities and colors of roofing slate, we doubt not their facilities for giving satihfaction are excellent. See their illustrated card on page 420.
WiLUAM Smith & Co., of Burlington, show up a handsome carriage on page 466. They manufacture a handsome, durable article in this line, at prices low enough, too.
M. L. Snyder, proprietor of the Essex Junction Monumental Works, pub- lished a card on page 286. Mr. Snyder's facilities for supplying his patrons with first-class work in all departments of his business, at very moderate prices, entitles him to the liberal trade he enjoys.
30 PUBLISHERS NOTES.
Strong & Parker, of Vergennes, Vt., manufacturers of the "Little Giant Road Machine," have accomplished great good in lessening the labor of road making. By the use of these machines, communities will greatly improve their roads, and do it in less time than by the ordinary methods of the past See the machine at work, on page 430.
George E. St\'les, of Burlington, offers all who wish to follow the styU^ retain their health, and develop their muscles, an excellent opportunity to do so by purchasing of him a Columbia or Harvard bicycle. He has some- thing to say to you in his card on page 420.
A. Taylor, florist and nurseryman, of Burlington, prints a card on page 514, to which he invites attention. Mr. Taylor has an excellent nursery stock, while his floral display of tropical and native plants is exquisite. His large stock enables him to supply parties, weddings, funerals, etc, with taste and celerity.
Geo. E. Terrill of Underbill, has special arrangements with publishers whereby he is enabled to furnish papers and periodicals in most cases cheaper than can be had direct. Read card on page 392.
Henry Thorp, of Charlotte, a well-known breeder of pure Atwood Me- rino sheep, commenced his flock in 1862, by purchase of five Atwood Ewes, of Victor Wright, of Weybridge. Since then, from to time, he has added to the flock chiefly by purchase from the celebrated Hammond and Sanford flocks. Parties wishing pure bred animals should call on Mr. Thorp. See illustration of his Ram, ''No. i," on page 270.
R. Tm'NNE, proprietor of the Burlington Steam Dye Works, although a dyer, purposes to " live and let live," by doing an excellent quality of work at moderate prices. He publishes a card setting forth the merits of his trade, on page 380, to which he invites attention.
J. W. Truax, millwright and patentee, and an extensive manufacturer of mill machinery, invites attention to his discriptive card on page 380. Mr. Truax has testimonials of a high nature, from good authorities, pronouncing his inventions as eminently useful, not the least of which is his turbine water-wheel, pronounced to be one of the best for durability and power ever invented. Address him for a circular.
The Unin'ersiit of Vermont. — This venerable and venerated institu- tion of learning, one of the best in New England, is now in a more prosper- ous condition than ever before. For particulars relative to its progress and present standing, we refer you to its card, printed on the inside of the back cover, and to the historical sketch on pages 118 to 122.
The Vermont Episcopal Institute, whose announcement is printed on page 476, and whose history and engraving of building are given in the historical portion of the work, serves as an excellent illustration of what energy and judgment can do. From a small beginning, the school has been built up, un- til it is now one of the best in the country. The course of training followed is unsurpassed, while the site of the school is one of the most beautiful and healthful in the State. Situated on the lake shore, one and one-half miles from Burlington, its students have every advantage of healthful breezes, rural delights, and city comforts.
The Vermont Life Insurance Company, of Burlington, although a com- paratively new institution, has managed its business so successfully as to in-
publisher's notes. 31
crease its capital from $50,000.00 to $250,000.00, since it was organized, in 1868. The practice of insuring one's life for the benefit of the friends left behind when death overtakes us, is constantly becoming more popular, and no other company is more reliable than this. See their advertisement on the front fly-leaf, and address them for particulars.
The Vermont State Normal School, at Castleton, Rut. Co., is one of the most beautifully located in the State. The grounds and buildings are admirably adapted for school purposes. Situated at the head of Seminary street in this charming village, upon a slight elevation, they are at once re- tired, yet easy of access, airy and healthful. The drainage of the grounds is perfect, the ventilation of the buildings complete, having accommodations for one hundred boarders and two hundred day pupils. (See cut on page 522.) The present main building was first opened for the reception of pupils in 1830, by the late Solomon Foote, since which time there has been a succession of able principals and associate teachers, while many hundred cultured young men and women have gone out from its halls upon a useful life. It became a State Normal School in 1867, meeting with varying success under different principals, until 1881, when it came under the permanent control of Capt. Abel E. Leavenworth, entering upon a new era of prosperity. Principal Leavenworth is well known in Chittenden County, as he was bom in Charlotte, fitted for college at the Hinesburgh Academy, and graduated from the Univers- ity of Vermont. For five years before, and three years after the war of the Rebellion, he was principal of the Hmesburgh Academy, where, aside from fitting young men for college, he made a specialty of training teachers, many of whom have done efficient work in the schools of the county. For many years he was an officer of the County Teachers' Association, contributing largely towards its success during a period of twenty years. From Beeman Academy, New Haven, he sent out eighty-nine teachers and graduated forty- one in the several courses. While he was principal of the State Normal School at Randolph, over two hundred graduates were commissioned to teach, and over four hundred others received partial training. The first year at Castleton has been one of marked success, seven counties having been repre- sented in its membership. The railway and telegraph facilities of Castleton are excellent, there being four passenger trains daily to and from Rutland, eleven miles east, and two on each of the roads to Whitehall and Eagle Bridge, west and south. The principal is ably seconded in his efforts to make this a first-class school, by an efficient corps of teachers trained by himself in an- other school, and having large and successful experience in Normal school work and methods. Thus combining the advantages of healthful location, ample accommodations, facility of access, and competent instructors, this school cannot fail to command its legitimate share of patronage.
James Wakeheld, of Burlington, sailmaker and manufacturer of tents, awnings, wagon-covers, flags, etc., and dealer in cordage and rope of all sizes, tackle blocks, etc., is prepared to supply all demands in his line promptly, and of the best materials. Country merchants, campers, and all wanting tents, awnings, sails, etc., will find it to their interest to correspond with Mr. Wakefield. Card on page 362.
Walker, Hatch & Co., stair builders and manufacturers of fine church and office furniture, eta, employ a large force of artisans, and enjoy an ex- tensive trade. See their card on page 260.
32 publisher's notes.
O. J. Walker & Brothers, wholesale grocers, and dealers in flour, salt, nails, etc, etc, have built up a trade extending over most of Vermont and Northern New York. Their facilities for affording good bargains are not sur- passed in the State. Card on page 300.
T. A. Wheelock, of Burlington, has reason to expect expressions of laud- ation and gratitude from many owners of comfortably heated dwellings, where he has inserted Pierce's low pressure steam heating apparatus, for which he is sole agent for this locality. Mr. Wheelock makes a specialty of fine plumb- ing and steam heating, doing his work on scientific principles, thus ensuring success. We refer the reader to the illustration accompanying his card, on page 440.
E. L. Whitney, dealer in books, stationery, jewehy, etc, at Milton, prints a card on page 366. He keeps the latest and most desirable goods in either branch of his business at reasonable prices.
Williaj^i E. Whitney, of 143 Cherry st., Burlington, is a gun and lock- smith of good repute. His guns, canes, fishing rods, etc, are among the best to be found. Card on page 400.
W. W. Wood, of 60 and 62 Church st, Burlington^ invites the good peo- ple of Chittenten County to come into his store and be fitted from his ex- tensive stock of boots, shoes, and rubbers. See his card on page 400.
Mrs. G. E. Worden, the fashionable milliner at Richmond, offers at all times the latest novelties in her line, and Mr. G. E. Worden, of the same town, is a painter of acknowledged ability. See card on page ^SS,
K O. WoRMELL, proprietor of the Continental Photograph Gallery, at Burlington, has an experience that enables him to do an excellent grade of work at moderate prices. He is prepared to do out-door work at short notice. See his card on page 514.
S. A. Wright, manufacturer and dealer in carriages, wagons, sleighs, etc, at Jericho, has gained a reputation for building honest work, durable and stylish, and as cheap as sudi work can be had in any neighboring locality. Give him a chance to quote prices. Card on page 340.
>>..
>.
GAZETTEER
OF
miTTn
ENDEN
J
NTY, VT.,
!ERY aptly and truthfully has it been said that, " history is a bridge connecting the now with the past." It is indeed a bridge, over which we may pass to the hallowed days of which we all love to hear, — a passage whose every plank is the record of some noble life or deed, urging us to emulate their virtues, or, at other points, warning us from the errors and vices into which many have fallen. It is our purpose, then, to pass with the reader over this bridge, connecting the prosperous present with the toil-laden past of Chittenden County, involving also a cursory glance at the history of its parent, the State. A hasty journey it must necessarily be, however, — a mere superficial glance at the principal points of interest on the way, in which it shall be our endeavor to present the truth, and to preserve many, or at least some, facts which would otherwise soon become enshrouded in the oblivion that surrounds but too many of the heroic deeds and sacrifices attending the conception and birth of the old democratic State of Vermont, a territory that has no parallel in its peculiar beauties, revealed in the variety, the majesty and exquisite loveliness of its scenery, and whose history estab- lishes a just claim to its title of ** The Classic Ground of America."
There are good reasons for believing that the first civilized people who \4sited New England, were a colony of Norwegians, or Northmen, who emigrated thither, according to the original Icelandic accounts of their voy- ages of discovery, as follows : —
** In the spring of A. D. 986, Eric the Red, so named from the fact of his having red hair, emigrated from Iceland to Greenland, and formed a settlement there. In 994, Biame, the son of Heriulf Bardson, one of the settlers who accompanied Eric, returned to Norway, and gave an account of discoveries he had made to the south of Greenland. On his return to Greenland, Leif, the son of Eric, bought Biarne's ship, and, with a crew of thirty-five men, embarked on a voyage of discovery, A. D. 1000. After sailing some time to the southwest, they fell in with a country covered with a slaty rock, and des-
34 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
titute of good qualities, and which, therefore, they called Helluland (slate- land). They then continued southerly until they found a low flat coast, with white sand cliffs, and immediately back, covered with wood, whence they called the country Mark/and (wood-land). From here they sailed south and west, until they arrived at a promontory- which stretched to the east and north, and sailing round it turned to the west, and sailing to the westward, passed between an island and the mainland, and entering a bay through which flowed a river, they concluded to winter there. Having landed, they built a house to winter in, and called the place I^ifsbuthir (Leifs-booths). Soon after this, they discovered an abundance of vines, whence they named the country Vinland, or Wineland, which corresponds with the present country at the head of Narragansett Bay, in Rhode Island."
Subsequent to this came the discoveries of Columbus, in 1492 ; the Eng- lish discoveries, in 1497, followed, during the same year, by the Portugese ; the Spanish, in 1506, and finally came the French, in 1524, who sub- sequently discovered the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, and first began a colony upon it, whence they soon spread to the heart of the country, to which they had an easy means of access by way of the great lakes, whose waters head within a few miles of the tributaries of the Mississippi, which flows across half the continent to the Gulf of Mexico. In a few years they had explored this vast region, and established among the savages missions and trading posts, first in the forests of Canada, than in the West, and finally in New York and in the territory included within the pres- ent State of Vermont.
In the meantime England had been pushing her explorations and discov- ies ; but the French laid claim to nearly the whole country, confining the English to a narrow strip of land along the Atlantic coast, thus transplanting the jealousies and rivalries which had long made them enemies in the Old World, to the New Continent. The French sought the alliance of the In- dian tribes, and years of warfare followed, in which, however, the English at last succeeded in gaining possession of a large amount of the land. The first hostilities between them originated on William's accession to the throne of England, in 1689, which terminated in the peace of Ryswic, in 1697. Queen Anne's war, so-called, commenced in 1702, and continued to the peace of Utretcht. in 17 13. The third controversy was declared by George II. in 1744, and continued until the preliminaries of i>eace were signed between France and England, at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748. The last con- flict between these powers, anterior to the American revolution, was formally declared by Great Britain, in 1756, and was reciprocated the same year on the part of France, and finally terminated by the capture of Montreal, in September, 1760, when the whole Province of Canada was surrendered to Great Britain.
During this period of the French wars, the territory now included within the county was the chief point of rendezvous for the French and their Indian allies, in their hostile excursions against the English settlements in the valley of the Connecticut. It was through here they generally led their cap-
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 35
tives and carried their plunder, their usual route both in going and re- turning being along Missisquoi Bay and Winooski River, crossing the short carrying place between the river and Mallett's Bay. It was along here the suffering captives from Deerfield, in the dead of winter, in 1704, were led on their way to Canada ; and here also was led the lad Enos Stevens, son of Capt. Phineas Stevens, in 1748; and on the east shore of Missisquoi Bay, the year previous, Mrs. Jemima Howe found her son Caleb perishing with hunger. Early skirmishes took place, too, within the territory, — one as early as 1709, on the Winooski, in which Liet. John Wells and John Burt were killed, followed by another at the mouth of the river, where several of the French and Indians were killed in turn. Upon this river, also, Capt. John Barnet lost his life in a skirmish, in 1776. Indeed, the whole territory teems with tales and anec- dotes of those days of bloodshed.
These early wars, however, led to the first settlement of the State by civil- ized people. Samuel Champlain is supposed to have been the first to visit the territory, having sailed up the lake he discovered, and which has since borne his name, in 1609. In 1664, M. de Tracy, then Governor of New France (the French possessions in America), entered upon the work of erecting a line of fortifications from the mouth of the Riche- lieu (Sorel) River into Lake Champlain. The first year he constructed three forts upon the river, and the next spring, 1665, he ordered Capt. de La Motte to proceed up Lake Champlain and erect another fortress upon an island which he designated. It was completed that same year and named Fort St. Anne, and afterwards it was called Fort La Motte, from the name of its builder, and which in the end gave the name to the island on which it stood. The remains of the fort are now to be seen, and the island still bears the name. In 1690, a fort was built by Capt. de Nami,* at Chim- ney Point, in Addison County, about which a thriving settlement soon sprang up; but it was not until 1724, at Fort Dummer, that the first permanent set- tlement was commenced, and the garrison of this fort were for several years the only white inhabitants of the territory.
After the close of the last French war, in 1759-60, the settlement of the country rapidly increased, as their old enemy, Canada, had been transformed from a hostile to a friendly neighbor. Township charters were rapidly granted by New Hampshire, under command of King George III., to whom the in- habitants were only nominally subject, however, but obeyed only the decrees of their own committees and conventions. At one of these conventions, January 15, 1777, the New Hampshire Grants were declared to be an inde- pendent State, " by the name, and forever hereafter to be called, known, and distinguished by the name of New Connecticut, alias Vermont, etc." The latter name, derived from the French verd mont or Green Mountains, it still re- tains, and which has gathered about itself, through all the vicissitudes which
* In the Doc. Hist. 0/ New York^ this name is given as de Warm.
36 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
its sons have passed, a halo of glory that shall pass away only with the demise of Time. Such, briefly, is the outline of Vermont's history.
On February ii, 1779, *he State was divided into two counties, the Green Mountains forming the dividing line, the portion on the east being called Cumberland, and that on the west Bennington Count)'. Each county wzs divided into two shires, that on the east into^Westminster and Newbur>', and Bennington and Rutland on the west. This division of counties remained till the extra session of the legislature, in February, 1781, when the county of Rutland was incorporated from Bennington, and Windsor and Orange Coun- ties were incorporated from Cumberland, and the name of Cumberland altered to Windham. Rutland County in turn extended through to the northern line of the State for a period of four years, eight months and five days, during which time the courts were held at Tinmouth. The State, then, on October 18, 1785, dismembered the old county, incorporating from it a new county, called Addison, which in turn extended to the north line of the State, and made the towns of Addison and Colchester half shires. But the connection of Chittenden with Addison County only continued for the term of two years, and Colchester had not the honor of holding the courts of that county but one term. Before the next stated term, at Colchester, the county of Chit- tenden, named in honor of Thomas Chittenden, the first governor of Vermont, was set off from Addison and incorporated into a distinct county, October 22 1787.* It then embraced all the territory between the north lines of Ferris- burgh, Monkton, Bristol, Lincoln, and Warren, and the Province line, and was bounded on the west by the west line of the State, which followed the deepest channel of the lake, passing east of the P^our Brothers, and west of Grand Isle and Isle La Motte, and on the east by the west lines of Northfield, Montpelier, Calais, Woodbury, Hardwick, and Greensborough, to the northwest comer thereof, and then in the most direct course on town lines to the north line of the State. But the population and business of the county increased to such an extent that it soon became necessar>- that its turn should curoe to be reduced in territory; and on November 5, 1792, a new county on the north was incorporated, by the name of Franklin. The line that separated Chit- tenden from Franklin County commenced **on the west line of Orange County [as then established], at the northeast corner of Worcester; thence westerly on the north line of Worcester. Stowe, Mansfield, Underbill, West- ford, and Milton, to the waters of Lake Champlain ; thence across to the north of South Hero by the deepest channel between that and North Hero; and thence on the west line of the State." Still further deductions, however,
* As an error has crept into a great many local works, relative to the date of this incorporation, we quote the following from Deming's Vermtnt Officerty which clears up the apparent myster>' : '*Zadock Thompsno, in \m histor\- of Vermont, says, that Chittenden County wxs incoi7>orated October 22. 1782. and Addison County February 27, 1787. This is a mistake xs to b(.>th counties, as will be seen by the follow in|; extract of a letter from Mr. Thompson to a friend, who had addressed him on the subject : * While in Montpelier a few days since, I was induced, by your sugcestionf, tti examine the manuscript acts in the office of the Secretary <^ State, and I there found that Addis^m County was incorfiorated October \\ 17X5, and that Chittenden County was incorpo. rated October 22, 1787.' "
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 37
have been made from the original limits: October 20, 1794, Starksboro was annexed to Addison County; November 9, 1802, the county of Grand Isle was formed, and South Hero and adjacent islands were set off to form a part of that county. In addition, the county of Jefferson (now Washington) was incorporated November i, 1810, and to form a part of which, the towns of Mansfield, Stowe, Waterbury, Duxbury, Fayston, Waitsfield, Moretown, Middlesex, and Worcester, were taken from Chittenden. In 1839, the west- em part of the town of Mansfield was annexed to the town of Underbill, and re-annexed to the county of Chittenden.
Thus the county is situated at the present time, lying between lat. 44** 7' and 44° 42', and between long. 3° 41' and 4° 14', bounded north by Frank- lin and Lamoille Counties, east by Washington and Lamoille, south by Addi- son, and west by the deepest channel of Lake Champlain, with an average length from north to south of about twenty-six miles, and from east to west, including the waters of the lake, of twenty-three miles, containing an area of about 520 square miles, divided into fifteen townships and one city, in addi- tion to Buel's Gore.
In surface, the county is diversified by lofty mountains, deep gorges and ravines, gentle acclivities, wide-spread verdant valleys, rivers, lakelets and brooks, affording a landscape that is not only unexcelled in Vermont, but which vies with many far more pretentious localities in foreign lands. Taken together with its environs, it forms a scene upon which Nature has lavished her treasures of beauty "with a full and unwithdrawing hand." On the east- em part of its territory the Green Mountains rear their rocky crests with a sharply defined contour, Mansfield and Camel's Hump cleaving the clouds at an altitude of 4,329 and 4,083 feet respectively, the highest peaks in the range, while the western part of the territory lies upon the Red Sandrock chain, one of the four divisions of mountain systems in the State, having a gradual slope on the eastern side, and a bold, rugged escarpment on the western.
The principal streams are the rivers Winooski or Onion, Lamoille, La Plotte, Brown's and Huntington. The Winooski, one of the largest rivers in the State, enters near the center of the eastern line of the county, flows a westerly course and falls into the Champlain between Burlington and Colchester, thus completing its course of seventy miles, during which it waters 970 square miles of territory, and affords sites for unlimited mill-power. Nature, circum- stances, and historical lore have combined in rendering this stream one of peculiar interest, — sufficient at least for it to merit a more euphonious cognomen than the antiscorbutic " Onion," consequently we have dropped it in this work. A controversy has long existed relative to the derivation of its name, the popular theory being that Winooski is an Indian name, composed of two words in the Abinaqui, or Algonquin tongue, winoosy onions, or leeks, and kij land, so that its literal signification is land of onions. But as there are at least six different styles of authography used by different writers, we cannot
38 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
understand why they should not affect the roots of the word. Accor Jing to a French map of 1732, the river is called Ounousqui, In the letters of John A. Graham, published at London, in 1797, Mr. Graham gives the following account of the naming of the river *' Onion : '' " A Mr. Peleg Sunderland, [who was also appointed by the Grand Committee, at Bennington, as guide to Maj. John Brown, in 1775, on his mission to Canada to treat ^^^th the In- dians respecting the approaching war,] in 1761, while hunting for beaver on this stream, lost his way, and was nearly exhausted with fatigue and hunger, when a party of Indians fortunately met him, and with great humanity, re- lieved his wants and saved him from perishing. Their provisions were poor ; but what they had they freely gave, and their kindness made amends for more costly fare. Their whole store consisted of onions, and Mr. Sunderland then gave the stream, near which he was so providentially preserved, the name of Onion River, which it has retained ever since." During the early French colonial wars it was called French River. But so much for this ; we have at least, we think, shown good cause for dropping the vegetable portion of its name. The alluvial flats along its valley are narrow until the river has passed the western range of the Green Mountains, when they become broad and fertile. Its rocky gorges, etc., are spoken of in connection with the sketch of Burlington, so we will omit their further notice at this point.
Bolton Falls, on this stream, in the eastern part of the County, are well worth visiting. They form a wonderful evidence of the mighty agency of water, for an ordinary observer cannot fail to discover that the high bluffs of rock on either side were once united, and formed a barrier through which the stream has gradually worn its deep and narrow channel. The contem- plative mind at once reverts to the time when this barrier existed, and beholds a long and narrow lake extending up the valley to Montpelier, and discovers the reason why the streams emptWng into the head of this lake should, in the still water, deposit the sediment forming the numerous terraces that are found in different portions of its valley. In the tranquil waters of this lake the sed- iment brought down in the floods of the different streams emptying into it, would settle at the bottom and partially fill it up. Upon the opening of the rocky barrier, — like the breaking away of a flume or a portion of the dam of a mill-pond partly filled with sediment. — the running stream would sweep down a portion of this sediment, by cutting a channel through it, either in the cen- ter, leaving portions at each side, or upon one side and leaving the other remaining. Thus the smoothly rounded rocks that project from the sides of the valley, as well as the striated ones near the bed of the river, bear unmis- takable testimony that by some abraidng agency, in which water played a conspicuous part, the rocks have been worn down so as to give greater width to the valley.
The Lamoille River is not as large as the ^Vinooski, nor quite as long ; yet it has, in a lesser degree, the same wild, picturesque channel, and affords many excellent specimens of terraces. It rises in Greesboro, from the union
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 39
of several streams (formerly from Runaway Pond), runs southwest to Hard- wick, when it turns northwesterly, passes through the middle of Lamoille County, the southern part of Franklin County, and finally joins Lake Cham- plain in the northwestern part of this county, in the town of Milton. It was discovered by Champlain, in 1609, and called by him la Mouette, the French for mew, or gull, a species of water-fowl, which were very numerous about the mouth of the stream. In Mr. Anger's map of his surveys, in 1732, it is called la riviere a la Mouelle, probably a mistake in the engraver in not crossing his fs, " Thus," says Mr. Thompson, ** to the mere carelessness of a French engraver are we indebted for the smooth, melodious sounding name Lamailler
Brown's River, so named from Joseph Brown, an early settler upon its banks, in the town of Jericho, originates in Underbill and thence flows a southwesterly course through the northern part of Jericho, into Essex, where it turns north and passes through Westford into Fairfax, in Franklin County, and there unites with the Lamoille. It is 'twenty miles in length.
Huntington River rises in the southern part of Huntington, and after a rapid, sepentine course over a gravel or stony bottom for about twenty miles, empties into the Winooski, in the town of Richmond. This stream, from the many specimens of terraces its valley consists, its rocky gorges, etc., is called one of the most interesting tributaries of the Winooski.
The La Plotte is a small stream, only fifteen miles in length, rising in the southeastern part of Hinesburgh, and flows a westerly course through a portion of Charlotte and Shelbume, into the head of Shelbume Bay. As the inter- esting tradition relative to the origin of its name is spoken of in connection with the Shelbume sketch, we will defer further mention here. These are the principal streams of the county, though there are many of almost equal importance, aflbrding many mill-sites, and ample irrigation to the soil.
No inland lakes of importance are found, though there are several small ponds, Shelbume and Hinesburgh in the southern part of the county being the largest. But the unequaled Champlain lies upon its western border, stretching north and south as far as the eye can reach, while directly opposite, on its westcm shore, the blue Adirondacks spread far into the interior — at various points projecting their jagged spurs into the lake, and often present- ing lofty headlands, waving with forests or frowning in bleak masses of naked granite, while wide fields spread between these headlands, teaming with flocks and herds, and redolent in beauty and fertility. Not less charming is the scene presented on its eastern shore, though of a softer tone, and more of a pastoral beauty, while beyond, the horizon is limited by the bold and serrated outline of the Green Mountains. Still, this scene of transcendent natural beauty on either shore, is dimmed by the exquisite loveliness of the lake itself, which divides them. Calm and blue its waters lie, placid as the cloud- shadows that fleck its bosom, reflecting the mountains and headlands, and studded with numerous islands to variegate and adorn the scene — some of
40 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
which are mere rocky shafts shooting up from the surface of the waters ; others, decked in their native emerald, gleam like gems upon its breast ; while others, of alluvial formation, glow in their soft and gentle loveliness, and are unsurpassed in their exuberant fertility.
Reader, at the beginning of this chapter we likened history to a bridge, and purposed to journey with you across it, o'er the beautiful country we have attempted to describe, to the days when its history, so far as we are able to learn, was not. During this journey the beautiful Champlain must be the principal point of interest, for around no other section of our beauti- ful country cluster historical associations so brilliant and memorable. For a century and a half, this lake, appropriately named by the Indians Caniadere- Guarantee that is, " the lake which is the gate of the country," was rendered classic ground by successive deeds of daring, by bloody forays, by the romances of border warefare, and by the conflicts of fleets and armies. During those merciless contests, in which France and England were the allies of savage tribes; in the long and sanguinary conflicts between those great powers; in the war of the Revolution, and that of 1812, the whole course of the lake was stained with blood, and emblazoned by feats of glory.
When Samuel Champlain, in 1609, entered upon the waters which have perpetuated his name, silence and solitude brooded over the charming scene. Grand primeval forests covered the territory where the verdant fields of Chit- tenden County now lie, with not even an Indian wigwam to relieve its deso- lation and stillness, for continuous savage wars had driven its transcient popu- lation into the recesses of the forests, and beyond the mountain barriers for protection. But this peace and solitude were soon to be broken. Even upon Champlain's first visit his arquebus carried fear and death to the hearts of the savages, some of whom he met on the New York side of the southern part of the lake. Soon after, canoes and batteaux, in summer, were gliding over its pure waters on errands of blood and rapine, or, in winter, a highway of its crystal pavement was formed for the same purpose, over which the French and their savage associates traversed the lake, thence up the Winooski, and penetrating the gorges of the Green Mountains, devastated, often amid the snows and storms of winter, the fairest villages of New England. Later on, upon its blue waters and sequestered shores, vast armies, clothed in the pomp and panoply of modern warfare, have gathered. But as our brief account of the war of 181 2, the war of the Revolution, etc, properly belongs to articles under these respective heads, we must defer particular mention until they, in their order, are reached.
As settlements began to spring up in the State, and the forests to recede before the sturdy strokes of the pioneer, trade and commerce began to assert their rights. As Skeensboro (now Whitehall) was the first point at which the settlers touched the lake on their way north, and as the intercourse be- came more frequent between Connecticut, Massachusetts and the new set- tlements. Major Skeene, after whom the place was named, to accommodate
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 4 1
the smaU business which was springing up, built a sloop in 1770, and with it opened a communication with the settlements on the borders of the lake and Canada. This was probably the first vessel which made any regular trips through the lake, or which was used for the purposes of trade. Soon after this, however, the Revolutionary war broke out, stopping all further settle- ments, and even drove off nearly all the people who had come, so that the navigation of the lake was returned to the uses of the military power.
After the close of the war, settlements rapidly sprung up and trade with the Provinces was soon commenced with redoubled vigor, so that the white wings of the trading sloops, and the rafts of heavy timber, dotted the whole length of the lake. But the great stride in progress was not until 1808, one year after Robert Fulton made the memorable trial trip of his steamboat on the Hudson. It seems that parties in Burlington were the first to see, or at least to take practical advantage of, the new field opened by this event ; for during this year they launched the second practical steamboat ever made in the world, and during the following year, 1809, it was completed and com- menced navigating the lake, just two hundred years after Champlain had entered upon its waters in his bark canoe. The owners and builders of this boat were two brothers, James and John Winans. It was in appearance sim- ilar to a large-class canal boat, except being about forty feet longer and six feet wider. Her decks were clear, having no pilot-house, being steered by a tiller, and her engine an horizontal one, being all under deck, only the smoke- pipe appearing above. There was but one room below, about twenty-five by eighteen feet, in which were berths upon the side, and which was used for a dining-room as well as for a sleeping apartment. She was fitted with a second- hand engine and boilers ; cylinder twenty inches by three feet, " side level bell crank," with a large balance-wheel some ten feet in diameter, — withal very poor machinery. But they were the best that could be procured at that time, as manufacturers of general machinery little understood the pro- portioning of machinery to resist the power of steam. The consequence was that the boat was constantly subject to " break-downs," which were a part of her programme, and could be relied upon to make a trip from Whitehall to St. Johns and back in about a week. In October, 18 15, however, she had her last " break-down." On her trip from St. Johns the connecting rod be- came detached from the crank, and before the engine could be stopped, it was forced through the bottom of the boat and she was sunk a wreck near Ash Island, a few miles south of the Isle Aux Noix. The Messrs. Winans took out her engine and boilers, and sold them to the Lake Champlain Steamboat Company.
The great improvements made in steamboat building since the time of the building of the ** Vermont " are well known. Even as early as 18 15, a steamer was built on the lake whose speed doubled that of its predecessor. This boat, the " ist Phoenix," met a sad fate, being destroyed by fire on the 5th of September, 181 9, causing the death of six of its passengers. It
42
CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
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may be well to state, however, that this is the only wreck or conflagration which has occurred on the lake with an attendant loss of life. From this time forward boats were rapidly put out, increasing in power and size, until the present '* floating palaces '' have attained almost perfection. Navigation companies were established, and steamboat property came to be the most profitable in which one could invest money. Its profit was diminished, however, by the advent of its near relative, the locomotive, which took a large share of its business. Still, there is an extensive business done on the lake at the present time, which will doubtless continue, notwithstanding the build- ing of railroads. We should like, did space permit, to add a sketch of the establishment and progress of the several transportation companies, but as it does not, we shall have to be content with giving, on the opposite page, a table of the steamers that have been built on the lake, their dimensions, by whom built, date of building, etc., which we hope will prove of interest to many. Yet it may not be invidious to remark, that The Champlain Transportation Co. is the oldest company existing on the lake, and that to its enterprise and energy is owing, in a great degree, the past and present prosperity of the transportation business. As early as October 26, 1826, the Vermont legisla- ture granted its charter, the following well-known names appearing as the company: Ezra Meach, Martin Chittenden, Stephen S. Keys, Luther Loomis, Roswell Butler, and Eleazer H. Deming.
GEOLOGICAL.
The geological formation of this county does not materially differ, in gen- eral structure, from that of most of the other counties of the State. Its rocks are distributed, like those of the others, in parallel ledges, or ranges, extend- ing nearly in a north and south direction. Passing eastward from the lake shore, the first of these veins is a ledge of Trenton limestone^ which enters Charlotte from Addison County, underlying nearly the whole extreme western part of that town, where it finally passes under the lake, to appear again in Grand Isle and Isle La Motte, thence extending into Canada. Although this rock has four distinct or chief varieties, one very soon learns to distinguish it from all others, by its common characters of black schistose layers, associated with slaty seams of limestone and occasionally argillaceous matter. There are some varieties, however, that can be assigned to this formation only by their fossils, in which the whole group is peculiarly rich. The thickness of the Trenton limestone is 400 feet in New York, and is stated by Prof. Adams, in his second report, to be of the same thickness in Vermont ; but in one of his note books he suggests that it may be even thicker. Mr. Hagar, however, in his " Geology of Vermont," says he should think that 400 feet is rather too great a thickness for it, as it generally appears in Vermont, though he has made no measurements to settle the question.
A bed of Utica slate comes next in order, crossing the western part of Char-
44 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
lotte and Shelburne, thence passing under the lake and croping out again in the extremity of Colchester Point, and thence across to Grand Isle County. This formation is a continuation of the calcareous shales of the Hunson River group of rocks downward, until they meet the slaty limestone of the Tren- ton limestone, and it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them and the shales of the Hudson River group in Vermont, except by their fossils. The range has a thickness of about one hundred feet.
Next to this bed comes a range of rocks known as Hudson Rh*er slates^ about a mile in width, passing through Charlotte and Shelburne, the western portion of Colchester, and thence under the lake. Liihologically, it con- sists of deposits of pure and impure limestone, clay slate, calcareous slate, interstratified with small beds of limestone^ often sparry, silicious slate, sand- stones, brecciated limestone, and slate filled ^ith veins of calcite, etc^ Prof. Thompson speaks of this variety in Chittenden County as follows : " The black slate is generally contortored or crushed, and abounds in seams of white calcite, varying from a line to a foot in thickness. Still there are places where the spar has not been injected, and where the lamination has not been disturbed. Cases of this kind may be seen on the eastern side of Pottier's Point, and at Appletree Point. But all this slate doubtless contains too much lime, and is too brittle to be used for any better purpose than making roads. This slate, in many places, particularly where it is fragmentary, has its surface covered with a black glazing, giving it very much the appearance of anthracite. This may be seen near the meeting-house in Charlotte, and at Rock Point, and it has led some to suppose that coal might be found in con- nection H-ith it But I believe very little, if any, money has been thrown away, in the vain search for coal in this county." The group is 930 feet in thickness, and is the highest member of the lower silurian rocks.
Parallel with and adjacent to this range is an immense bed of red sand- rocky ha>'ing a mean width of about four miles, and extending through nearly the whole length of the county, making the principal rock formation of the towns of Charlotte, Hinesbiu-gh, Shelburne, Colchester and Milton.
Stratigraphically considered, this bed occupies the position of the Medina Group, of New York, or its equivalent, the Levant series of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The sandstones and shales bear a close resemblance to those of the latter, not only in color, but in the profusion of fucoid-like markings which they display on some of the parting surfaces. The series of reddish and gray limestones which rest upon these massive arenaceous beds form an interesting feature in the geolog}' of Vermont. Their altercation with layers of sandstone and shale, and their frequently reddish tint, would lead us to regard them as a continuation of the lower mass under somewhat new forma- tive conditions. In the prolongation of this belt of sandstones and lime- stones toward the north, as in the vicinity of Burlington, the latter mass is seen to consist, in great part, of a pinkish-white, fine-graned limestone, which toward its base contains layers of reddish limestone, interstratified with red
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 45
sandstone, making the transition from the arenaceous to the calcareous form of deposit. This latter variety forms a very durable and handsome building material. The whole formation, however, embraces a great variety of rocks, and there is some difficulty experienced in associating them together, because of the general absence of fossils. The general variety is a reddish brown or chocolate-colored sandstone. It becomes calcareous, and is frequently interstratified with dolomitic layers of corresponding color. The grains of sand composing the rock are often transparent, sometimes mixed with minute fragments of feldspar. A slight metamorphic action has sometimes rendered the grains nearly invisible, and made the whole rock compact. North of Burlington the variety is mostly red and variegated dolomites. At Milton a grayish quartz rock appears, probably equivalent to the red rock. The red color is owing to the change in the combination of the iron which enters into its composition, produced by heat.
Extending through the center of the county, with a mean width of about three miles, underl3ring portions of the towns of Hinesburgh, Charlotte, Shel- bume, Williston, Burlington, Essex, Colchester, Westford and Milton, is a range of Eolian limestone^ or marble, one of the most important and useful rocks in Vermont. It furnishes the beautiful white marble, equal to the finest Italian, known all over the world as the product of this State. Such a rock, and such marble, certainly deserve a name as beautiful and as euphon- ical as the epithet Eolian. There is more variety in the limestone of this group than in almost any other formation in the State ; yet the variations are mostly slight in themselves chemically, but considerable as far as external appearance is concerned, producing the numerous shades of variegated mar- ble, each surpassing the other in beauty, ranging from the purest white to inky blackness. An excellent opportunity is afforded the curious for com- paring our native marbles, both of this and other States, with that imported from Italy, at the extensive manufactory of J. W. Goodell & Co., of Burling- ton, where immense quantities are kept on hand, enabling one to examine the rocks side by side, both before and after they have been cut and polished. An excellent quality of variegated marble, containing many beautiful fos- sils, is quarried near Mallett's Bay, in Colchester. The coloring matter in this species of limestone is usually derived from minute particles of slaty matter disseminated through them. Hence they never fade or disappear, or change their position in the slabs after they have been quarried. The occasional stains which appear may be produced by a small portion of pyrites, affording a dirty, brownish hue. Most of the iron rust stain upon the blocks of marble at the mills is temporarially produced by particles of iron worn from the saws. The thickness of the Eolian limestone bed is estimated at 2,000 feet.
Leaving the vein of marble, we find next in order a deposit of clay slate, about a mile in width, extending from the northeastern part of Milton to the southern line of the county. The varieties in clay slate are few, unless we refer to color. The rock is usually simple and homogeneous, composed of
46 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
finely comminuted, hardened clay. If it has a good deal of iron, and if this is passing to the state of peroxyd. we shall have red slate, such as is quarried within the limits of New York, and in several localities in Vermont. The red and gray slates, and also those of a greenish color, are also found. Whoever will compare a bed of clay where the layers have been deposited quietly above one another, with the slates used for roofing, will notice a strong resemblance of form and composition ; and he cannot but suspect that the latter has been derived from the former. He can, if he will, trace out the steps of the pro- cess. Clay hardened by the sun and filled with cracks, seems to be a sort of first step in the process. Among the newer sandstones he will see similar layers, called shale, which is sometimes only a little harder than clay. These changes are produced in the shales by the more powerful influence of meta- roorphic agencies, which generally also superinduce other divisional planes in the rock, such as cleavage and joints. But cleavage planes in most of the clay slates of Vermont, coincide* essentially with those of deposition ; and the slaty layers seem to be mostly strata or laminae modified. If the modifying force were pressure, it seems to have operated to convert the planes of lamin- ation and stratification into those of cleavage, increasing the number of the latter. The bed in this county, however, might more properly be termed shales, and is unfit for roofing purposes.
An immense bed of talcose conglomerate, about four miles in width, extend- ing through the whole length of the county, and underlying a greater or less portion of the towns of Hinesburgh, Huntington, Jericho, Williston, Essex, Westford and Milton, lies next to the clay slate vein on the east According to Prof. Adams, in his report of 1845, this rock was called magrusian slate. but later its present name was considered more appropriate, and consequently adopted The vein is a purely conglomerate species, having associated together in its formation the following varieties of rocks : Sandstones, breccias, quartz rock, calcareous rocks, novaculite schist, talcose schist, and coarse conglomerates. The sandstones are few, while the quartz variety is quite abundant. A large bed of the latter in almost a distinct formation lies in the southern part of the county, extending into the towns of Hinesburgh, Rich- mond and Williston. Prof. Thompson called these rocks Taconic. and has left the following note concerning them : "These rocks commence east of the clay slate and Eolian limestones, and extend eastward ; but I shall not attempt to assign their eastern limits. They consist entirely of schistose rocks, com- posed chiefly of quartz, and most of them more or less magnesian. There is a belt extending through Westford and the east part of E^ex, and the west part of Jericho to Winooski River, which is quite chloritic. This is often thick-bedded, and answers very well for a building stone, though rather soft. It has been considerably used for doorsteps, and has been transported to Bur- lington for that purpose. Some of the strata appear to be a coarse sandstone, or rather a fine conglomerate. Some places, as at Essex, exhibit a fine, com- pact magnesian slate, which is easily sawed into any form, and is used as a
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 47
fire-stonc. In many places the slaty laminae are coverd with fine talc glazing. The slate generally, in the eastern part of the county, may perhaps be called talcose, but the proportion of talc, in the greater part of it, is quite small. The predominant mineral in it is quartz, and it often occurs, either white or limpid^ in seams several inches in thickness." In the Geological Reports of 1 86 1, Prof. Hagar says: **We have made no estimate of the thickness of the talcose conglomerates ^ but know that they must be very thick. They must be 2,000 or 3,000 feet thick at the least calculation. We suppose that this bed of rocks includes the Sillery sandstones of Canada. These are estimated at 4,000 feet, in Canada." No fossils have been found in this range.
Adjacent to this vein of conglomerate is a large range of talcose schist^ ex- tending eastward nearly to the county line. Talcose schist proper consists of quartz and talc \ but with this bed there are associated together, consisting integral parts of the formation, clay slate, with plumbaginous, aluminous and pyritiferious varieties ; hornblende schist, gneiss, quartz rock, sandstones and conglomerates, limestone and dolomites. Prof. Zadock Thompson has the follow- ing respecting this range in Chittenden County : "Along the foot of Mans- field Mountain, in Underbill, a thick -bedded mica slate occurs, which makes a very good building stone. The stratification is so completely obliterated, that much of it, like granite, splits in all directions with nearly equal facility. In connection with these beds, seams of chlorite occur. Some of the strata ranging north and south through Underbill, Jericho, Bolton, and Huntington, are of a ferruginous character, and iron ores in small quantities have been found in several places, but not enough to justify the expectation of finding it in quantity. Near this range of ferruginous slate, a narrow range of plumbaginous slate shows itself in several places, as in Huntington and Jericho. This is doubtless a continuation of the same narrow range of plum- baginous slate, which occurs in Cambridge, Waterville, and the western part of Montgomery and Richford. To the eastward of the synclinal axis passing through Underbill, and the eastern part of Jericho, the rock perhaj>s should be called mica slate^ although it usually contains more or less talc. The rocks on the summit of Mansfield Mountain appear, in places at least, to be talcose slate, A great part of the slate which forms the mountains extend- ing from the chin towards the north, along the eastern border of the county, abounds in octahedral crystals of magnetic iron."
The rocks underlying the residue of the county are of the Azoic period and oi gneiss formation. The essential ingredients of gneiss are quartz, feldspar, and mica, forming a rock closely resembling granite, differing from it only in having a distinctly stratified, slaty or laminated structure. For this reason it makes a very handsome and convenient building stone, as the sheets or strata can be easily obtained at the quarries, and it can then be split or divided into any required thickness. "The thickness of the gneiss in Vermont," says Mr. Hitchcock, "must be very great. The section across Mount HoUey, in Rut- land County, may perhaps give an average of its thickness. About 8,000
48 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
feet of strata have been removed there, of which we should estimate about 6,000 feet to have been of gfieiss. Yet as the bottom of the formation may not have been reached here, the true thickness may be greater."
This ends our brief sketch of the principal rocks entering into the geolog- ical formation of the county, and we will now turn our attention for a few mo- ments to its surface geology, then drop the subject, to be taken up by far more competent hands than ours. That the whole of this beautiful territory of Ver- mont, not excepting the summits of its most lofty mountains, was once the bottom of a great ocean ; that its verdant and flower-bedecked valleys were the basin or channel of mighty lakes and rivers ; that the whole was once covered by stupendous glaciers and ice-floes, are facts incontrovertable. Each of these epochs or periods has left its history, written as plainly as the records upon the pyramids of Egypt, leaving behind, as it were, '' Footprints of their Creator." But they who have deciphered the history, or " Testimony of the Rocks," have not, as has the Archaeologist that of the pyramids, arrived at the truth by delving in the ruins of a forgotten language, but from the scroll of nature, descending into the bowels of the earth, and reaching forth into the uttermost parts of the limitless heavens for information. For —
** All intinite, all limitless in awe, Heaven to great minds was given; Vet, with all hi<> littleness, down tohi> inch Man can draw — the heaven."
Such is the province of the geologist.
But to return to the several changes we have mentioned. Among men of science it has become the common, if not the prevailing opinion, that all the elements with which we meet were first in an ethereal, or gaseous state — that they slowly condensed, existing for ages as a heated fluid, by degrees becoming more consistent — that thus the whole earth was once an immense ball of fieiy matter — that, in the course of time, it was rendered very compact, and at last became crusted over, as the process of cooling gradually advanced — and that its interior is still in a molten condition. Thus, if the view suggested be cor- rect, the entire planet, in its earlier phases, as well as the larger part now beneath and within its solid crust, is known to geologists as elementary or molton. Then came another age, in which this molten mass began to cool and a crust to form, called the igneous period. Contemporaneous with the beginning of the igneous period, came another epoch. The crust thus formed would naturally become surrounded by an atmosphere heavily charged with minerals in a gaseous or vaporous condition. As the cooling advanced, this etherealized matter would condense and seek a lower level, thus coating the earth over with another rock. This is named the vaporous period. At last, however, another age was ushered in — one altogether different from those that had preceded it. The moist vapors which must of necessity have pervaded the atmosphere began to condense and settle, gathering into the hollows and crevices of the rocks, until nearl) the whole surface of the earth was covered
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 49
with water. This is called the aqueous period. As these waters began to recede and the " firmament to appear," the long winter would cover the earth with mighty ice-floes and glaciers, forming what is known as the drifts or gla- cial period. Evidences of these several epochs are left in Chittenden County by terrcues^ moraines^ drift boivlders, etc.
First, terraces, — ^These are simply shelves, or water-marks, left on the sides of valleys and mountains, proclaiming that they were once the beach of a lake or ocean, while the fossils left will decide which of the two it was. These terraces are the most fully developed in the valley of the Winooski ; yet the Lamoille valley, and that of the other several streams, contain fine specimens. The deposits of sand, too, proclaiming the bed of an ocean, are numerous and extensive, particularly in the towns of Milton, Col- chester, and Burlington. They are for the most part superficial, varying in depth from a few inches to eighty or ninety feet, and in general have a regular and nearly horizontal stratification. They usually terminate downward in brown or blue clay, and in many places the mixture of clay and sand is in the proper proportion for making brick, as at the foot of Winooski Falls. The elevation of the surface of these sand deposits varies from twenty to two hundred and sixty feet above Lake Champlain. The mean elevation of those plains (terraces) to the westward of the range of limestone extending from Rock Point to Mallett's Head, and thence to Milton, may be estimated at forty feet ; and the mean elevation of the extensive sandy plains commencing in Burlington, and extending through the southwestern part of Essex, and through the central parts of Colchester and Milton, is about 200 feet. Ma- rine shells are found in this sand in numerous places. At one place in Bur- lington, half a mile northeast from Rock Point, and by the side of the road, they abound in a coarse gravel about 130 feet above the lake ; and two miles northeast of Mallett's Bay, in Colchester, is a large deposit of them at an ele- vation of more than 200 feet above the lake. At both places they are much broken, and mingled with rather coarse gravel. It would appear in these places, that the shells had been worked up above the line of the shore com- posed of drift, and that the gravel of the drift was mingled with them by the action of the waves, and these and larger objects, like the fossil whale, were buried by the washing down of the drift materials.
Second, drift, — We think it will not be difficult for almost any inhabitant to form an accurate idea of drift. For in almost every part of the county occur accumulations of bowlders, or large blocks of stone, with the angles more or less rounded, l3ang upon the solid ledges, or upon, or in the midst of a mixture of smaller fragments, with gravel and sand ; the whole mingled confusedly together, and evidently abraded by some powerful agency from the rocks in place, and driven along pell mell often to great distances ; for if the bowlders and fragments be examined, they will for the most part be found not to correspond to the ledges beneath, but to others many miles perhaps to the north or northwest.
4
so CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
Third, moraines, — These are a class of terraces formed by ice instead of water. The theory of their formation is as follows: In Xki^ glacial period^ icebergs became stranded at the base and on the sides of hills, and deposits were made around and upon them, and they would have been level-topped if the ice had remained ; but in consequence of its melting they are now ex- tremely irregular. At Underbill Flats the moraine terraces are abundant, and beautifully rounded, upon both sides of Brown's River.
STAPLE PRODUCTIONS.
As a whole, the county has an excellent, productive soil, varying from a fine alluvial deposit to clay and sand, with very little of its territory unfit for purposes of cultivation. The staple products are wheat, rye, Indian com, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, and the various products of its herds and flocks. Some idea of the extent of its products may be formed from the fol- lowing statistics, taken from the census report of 1870, though the report for 1880, when tabulated, will doubtless show a material change in many of the figures. During that year there were 218,670 acres of improved land in the county, while the farms were valued at $14,783,045.00, and produced 46,426 bushels of wheat, 11,804 bushels of rye, 163,597 bushels of Indian com, 286,615 bushels of oats, 14,381 bushels of barley, 21,768 bushels of buck- wheat, and 333,858 bushels of potatoes. There were also in the county 4,977 horses, 21,941 milch cows, 1,014 working oxen, 17,041 sheep, and 4,809 swine. From the milk of the cows was manufactured 1,761,543 pounds of butter, and 1,374,387 pounds of cheese, while the sheep yielded 87,256 pounds of wool, or about five pounds to the fleece, providing each sheep was sheared.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.
As early as 1819, a society existed in Burlington, called the " Chittenden County Society for Promoting Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures," of which Martin Chittenden was president, and Charles Adams, secretary. The first fair held was during the following year, 1820, near the present Oslo E. Pinney residence, and an address delivered at the Court House Square. Fairs, however, were held here by the Chittenden County Agricultural Society, as it was called, in the years 1843 and 1848, inclusive, and one was adver- tised for 1849, but not held, and in 1857, 1858, and 1862, since which time they were held in Essex. At these fairs the agricultural and mechanical pro- ducts of the county were exhibited, several hundred dollars expended in pre- miums, etc, and were in all respects a success ; but it finally became appa- rent to those most actively interested in the promotion of agricultural inter- ests in the county, that an association founded on more extended principals should be inaugurated. Accordingly, in 1881, a society called the Lake Charoplain Agricultural and Mining Association was contemplated by them,
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 5 I
and stock issued for $25,000.00, in shares of $25.00 each, $20,000.00 of which was taken up, when the State Society took the balance and are to hold their fairs in union with that association. Accordingly, pursuant to a vote of the corporators, who had decided to call the association The Cham- plain Valley Association for the Promotion of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, and in accordance with a published notice, the first meeting of stockholders of the association was held in the city court-room, Saturday, May 6, 1882, the State Society being represented by its Secretary, Mr. N. B. Safford. The meeting was called to order by Mr. Henry Loomis, president ; G. G. Benedict, from the committee to report by-laws and to present nomi- nations for directors, reported that the committee appointed on the part of the Champlain Valley Association had held a joint meeting with the com- mittee ap|>ointed for a like purpose by the State Agricultural Society, and had prepared the series of by-laws then presented. The report of the committee was accepted, and the by-laws, ten in number, were duly adopted. He further reported that the State Agricultural Society had selected seven gentlemen, and the committee of the Champlain Valley Association seven, for directors, and that for the fifteenth member of the board the committee unanimously agreed upon Hon. John Gregory Smith, and in accordance with that action the committee nominated the following list of fifteen gentlemen for directors : LeGrand B. Cannon, John Gregory Smith, Henry Chase, Henry G. Root, James A. Shedd, Crosby Miller, George Hammond, John W. Cramton, Lemuel S. Drew, Frederick M. VanSicklen, Urban A. Woodbury, Sidney H. Weston, Buel J. Derby, Louis H. Talcott, and Albert G. Peirce.
On Wednesday, May 10, at an adjourned meeting, the following officers were elected: President, LeGrand B. Cannon; vice-presidents, H. G. Crane, George W. Hendee, Hervey Spencer, A. Williams, Timothy Hoyle, George Hammond, Frank W. Witherbee, H. G. Burleigh, John W. Stewart, John L. Barstow ; secretary, E. F. Brownell ; treasurer, Cyrus M. Spaulding ; general superintendent, James A. Shedd ; auditors, S. H. Weston, L. H. Talcott ; construction committee, James A. Shedd, H. G. Root, F. M. VanSicklen ; executive committee, H. G Root, J. Gregory Smith, Henry G Chase, F. M. VanSicklen, Albert G Peirce.
The directors, we understand, are now (May, 1882,) taking measures for the purchase of the grounds, erection of necessary buildings, etc Thus the So- ciety starts out, under the best auspices, and bids fair to become one of the most extensive and useful in this part of the country.
MANUFACTURES.
As the manufacturing interests are spoken of in detail in connection with the several town sketches, it would be but needless repetition to give the sub- ject more than a passing glance at this point. A comparison of the present facilities, as therein set forth, with their condition half a century ago, however.
52 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
will teach one that the history of Chittenden County, in this respect at least, has been one of sure, steady improvement ; a course, too, which has not ended, but only begun. Many portions of the territory which fifty years ago, yes, twenty-five years since, were either considered unworthy to bear the point of a plowshare, or covered with the gnarled trunks of the primeval forest, now are the site of extensive factories, where the whir of the loom or the steady stroke of the mechanic's busy hammer are heard constantly. And let us here prophesy that, he who looks upon the county a quarter of a century hence, will behold as marked an improvement during that time, as he who now takes a retrosi>ect of the one just passed. The principal manufactures are that of lumber in all its various branches — sash, doors, blinds, wooden-ware, etc, woolen and cotton cloths, marble and granite, machinery, and dairy products. According to the United States census report of 1870, the county had 300 manufacturing establishments, operated by thirty-one steam engines, and one hundred water-wheels, giving employment to 3,45 1 people. There were $3,760,520.00 invested in manufactures, while the manufactured products for the year were valued at $6,537,230.00, nearly double that of any other county in the State.
COURTS AND COUNTY BUILDINGS.
At the organization of Addison County, as previously mentioned, courts were appointed to be held alternately at Addison and Colchester ; and after the establishment of Chittenden County, Colchester was still retained as the shire town, although all causes pending in the supreme court were tried in Addison County. On October 21, 1788, however, an act was passed restor- ing the supreme court to Chittenden County, "with all actions and appeals from this county, pending in the county of Addison, to be heard, tried, and determined in said court, to be holden at Colchester," and fixing the stated terms of the court on the first Tuesday of August annually. The supreme court held two annual sessions in Colchester, commencing with the August term, 1789. At this and the succeeding term, Nathaniel Chipman presided as chief justice, and Noah Smith and Samuel Knight as assistant justices ; and at the third term, held at Burlington, Elijah Paine was chief justice, and Samuel Knight and Isaac Tichenor assistant justices. The county court held six terms at Colchester, commencing with the February term, 1788; the first four terms (embracing the years 1 788-1 789), John Fassett, Jr., of Cambridge, pre- sided as chief justice, and John White, of Georgia, and Samuel Lane, of Burlington, assistant justices; John Knickerbocker, clerk; Noah Chitten- den, of Jericho, sheriff; Samuel Hitchcock, of Burlington, State's attorney. John McNeil, of Charlotte, was judge of probate, Isaac McNeil, register, and Stephen Lawrence, of Burlington, county treasurer. The next four terms of the court, the last two held at Burlington, at the inn of Gideon King (1790 and 1 791), John Fassett, Jr., presided as chief justice, and John White aad
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. S3
John McNeil, assistant justices ; Martin Chittenden, clerk ; Stephen Pearl, sheriff, Samuel Hitchcock, State's attorney for 1790, and William C. Harring- ton for 1791 ; CoL John Spafford, county treasurer. The county still retained its original limits, which extended over the counties of Grand Isle, Franklin, Lamoille, and parts of Washington and Orleans, and was divided into three probate districts, with Matthew Cole, of Richmond, Jonathan Hoyt, of St Albans, and Timothy Pearl, of Burlington, were appointed judges of probate, in their respective districts.
The first jury trial in the county, after its organization, was at the February term of the court, 1788, being an action of trespass quare clausum f regit ^ in favor of John Collins vs. Frederick Saxton ; in which case David Stanton, Jonathan Bush, John Doxy, Alexander Gordon, John Martin, John Chamber- lin, John Fisk, David Whitcomb, David Warren, Eben Barstow, William Smith, and Allen Hackett were empaneled as jurors.
By a special act of the legislature, passed October 27, 1790, the courts were removed from Colchester to Burlington — fixing the session of the supreme court on the fourth Tuesday of August, and the county court on the last Tuesday of February, and last save one in September. The county officers continued the same up to the February term, 1794, when Martin Chittenden took his seat as one of the assistant justices in place of John White, and Solomon Miller was appointed clerk, which office he held for the next eighteen years in succession, (save the year 1808, by William Barney,) to his credit, as a very acciirate and efficient officer. And until 1794, the same judges of the supreme court presided.
In tlie meantime, Chittenden County had been circumscribed in its limits by the erection of Franklin County on the north. Soon after this division, it seems that there was a controversy on the subject of locating the county- town and buildings. To settle the question, a special act of the legislature was passed, November 4, 1793, "appointing Thompson J. Skinner and Samuel Sloan, of Williamstown, and Israel Jones, of Adams, in the commonwealth of Massachusetts, a committee to fix on the place for holding county and supreme courts in the county of Chittenden ; and to stick a stake, for the place of building the court-house." The decision of this committee resulted in the permanent establishment of the courts and court-house at Burlington, where they still remain, and where the supreme court meets on the first Tuesday in January, and county court on the first Tuesday in April, and the third Tues- day in September. The probate districts were changed so that the county now constitutes one district. The United States circuit and district courts also hold their sessions here on the fourth Tuesday in February.
The first sessions of the courts at Burlington were held in a room in the southeastern part of the house of Capt. King, at Burlington Bay, as it was then called, being a settlement at the lower end of the present Battery street. The room used was about 16x20 feet. The portion of the room-allotted to the judges was railed off with boards, and within, upon a slab, into which round
54 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
poles had been inserted for legs, sat the justiciar)' of the county. Here courts continued to be held until the summer of 1796, when a court-house was erected on the center of Court House Square, and a jail near the northeast comer, on the ground now occupied by the Strong's block. In 1802, a court-house was erected upon the site of that now occupied by the Fletcher Library building, which was used until 1828, when it was destroyed by fire. During the same year, another was erected in its place, the present library building, a two-story brick building, forty-six feet wide and sixty feet long. The lower story was occu- pied for offices by the county clerk and sheriff, and for jury rooms, the upper for a court room. The town united with the county in erecting the building, and $ 1,500 was subscribed on condition of having the basement thereof to the sole and exclusive use of the town for town purposes, and was used by them for holding town meetings until 1854, when the town hall was built, since which time, until devoted to the uses of the library, it was used for housing fire engines and apparatus. This building was used as a court-house until the present court-house was completed, an elegant structure of cut and hammered stone, two stories in height, with a mansard roof, which cost between $50,000 and $60,000, and was commenced in 187 1, and completed in 1873.
THE POOR.
Those who, from age, infirmity or otherwise, are unable to support them- selves, and are so unfortunate as to be obliged to rely upon public charity for sustenance, are cared for, in conformity with the laws of the State, by the towns wherein the applicants reside.
L\TERXAL IMPROVEMENTS.
A company was incorporated November i, 1843, for the purpose, and with the right, of building a railroad " from some point on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, thence up the valley of Onion River, and extending to a point on the Connecticut River most convenient to meet a railroad either from Concord, N. H., or Fitchburgh, Mass." Stock was subscribed for the enterprise, and in the spring of 1 847, work upon the construction of the Ver- mont Central Railroad was commenced. Various financial difficulties and controversies with other enterprises of a like kind followed, delaying its com- pletion until 1849, when, in November of that year, the first train of cars passed over it. Its final route was decided upon as follows : commencing at Windsor, it follows the Connecticut River to the mouth of White River, thence up that stream to the source of its third branch ; thence, reaching the summit in Roxbur)-, and passing down the valley of Dog River, it enters the Winooski valley, near Montpelier ; and thence, continuing in the Winooski valley, near Montpelier ; and thence, continuing in the Winooski valley, its terminus is reached at Burlington, a distance of 1 1 7 miles.
On the same date that the above charter was granted, November i, 1843,
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. " 55
another charter was issued to the Cham plain and Connecticut River Railroad Company, for the purpose of ** Constructing a railroad from some point at Burlington, thence southwardly, through the counties of Addison, Rutland, Windsor and Windham, to some point on the western bank of the Connecticut River." The route fixed upon was from Bellows Falls to Burlington, a distance of 1 19^ miles, passing through portions of the valleys of Williams and Black Rivers, upon the eastern side of the Green Mountains, and along the valley of Otter Creek and valley of Lake Champlain, upon the western side. The first meeting of the stockholders was held at Rutland, May 6, 1845, with Timothy Follett, of Burlington, chairman, and L. Brown, of Rutland, clerk, at which it was voted to open subscriptions for stock, June loth, of that year, which was accordingly done. On November 6, 1 847, the legislature changed the name of the corporation to the Rutland & Burlington Railroad Company, and sub- sequently it was changed to the Rutland Raihoad Company. The first blow towards its construction was struck during the month of February, 1847, in the town of Rockingham, near Bellows Falls, and in two years and nine months it was completed, and opened through, December 18, 1849.
The Vermont and Canada Railroad Company was incorporated by the general assembly, October 31, 1845, and amended and altered, November 15, 1847, giving a right to build a railroad ** from some point in Highgate, on the Canada line, thence through the village of St. Albans, to some point or points in Chittenden County, most convenient for meeting, at the village of Burling- ton, a railroad to be built on the route described in the acts to incorporate the Champlain & Connecticut River Railroad Company, and the Vermont Central Railroad Company." The route decided upon was from Rouse's Point to Burlington, a distance of fifty-three miles, passing through the towns of Colchester, Milton, Georgia, St. Albans, Swanton and Alburgh. Ground was broken for its construction early in September, 1848, in the northern part of Georgia, and completed and opened to the public early in 185 1.
By the subsequent organization of the present Central Vermont Rail- road Company, however, these roads all came under its control, and are now operated by the same, as different branches of the Central Vermont Railroad. The company has its principal office at St. Albans, with the fol- lowing list of officers : J. Gregory Smith, president ; J. W. Hobart, general superintendent ; J. M. Foss, assistant general superintendent ; A. Arnold, superintendent central division ; I. B. Futvoie, superintendent northern divi- sion; Jesse Burdett, superintendent Rutland division; E. A. Chittenden, superintendent of local freight traffic ; and W. F. Smith, general passenger agent.
The Burlington and Lamoille Raihoad Company was organized February 24t 1875, ^nder the general laws of the State. Its construction was com- menced in May of that year, and was finished and opened for traffic, July 2, 1877, extending from Burlington to Cambridge, a distance of thirty-five miles. The track between Burlington and Essex Junction is not used by the
56 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
company at present, as arrangements were made with the Central Vermont Company, by which their line is used to that point. The first list of officers were : William B. Hatch, of New York, president ; N. Parker, of Burlington, vice-president ; E. W. Peck, of Burlington, treasurer ; D. C. Linsley, of Bur- lington, general manager. The present officers are: D. C. Linsley, presi- dent; C. M. Spaulding, vice-president j E. W. Peck, treasurer; G. L. Linsley, general manager; and L. Barnes, N. Parker, D. C. Linsley, Morillo Noyes, C. M. Spaulding, and G. L. Linsley, of Burlington, and Josiah Tuttle, of Essex, H. M. Field, of Jericho, L. F. Turrill, of Underhill, H. F. Wetherby, of Cambridge, William B. Hatch, of New York, George W. Hendee, of Mor- risville, and Waldo Brigham, of Hydeville, directors.
NEWSPAPERS.
During the latter part of the last century, when Chittenden County was but a youth, its first newspaper was issued ; since that time, except for short periods, it has not been without a live, energetic sheet. Two papers are now published within its limits, conducted in a manner that would do discredit to no publication or locality.
The Burlington Mercury^ published at Burhngton, was the first publication ever issued in the county. It was a small sheet, published weekly by Don- nelly & Hill, from 1797 to 1799, when it was discontinued, and for the next two years none was issued.
Tlie Verpnont Centincl was then commenced by John K. Baker, the first number appearing Thursday, March 19, 1801. The above name was retained until December 6, 1810, when its title was changed to Xorthern Centinel, a new volume being commenced December 13, 18 10, with its new title. Two years later, December 10, 181 2, the word •* Northern" was dropped, and the new volume commenced as T/te Centitul. A year later, January 14, 181 4, a figured heading appeared upon the paper, bearing the title — Northern Sen- tinel; the old name resumed, but with modernized spelling. This figured heading was retained throughout the year, then dropped, and the plain title of Northern Sentinel Ttsumed, This name it retained until 1830, when it was changed to Burlington Sentinel, a title it retained until June, 1872, and then changed to Burlington Democrat,
Mr Baker, the founder of the paper, relinquished its publication on the 12th of October, 1804, in favor of Josiah King ; but Mr. Baker's ser\ices were retained as assistant editor. Mr. King retained the proprietorship of the paper only one year, having relimjuished it October 11, 1805, when its pub- lication was resumed by its founder, and printed by him *'for the proprie- tors" (the names of whom we are unable to give), until the beginning of the following April, 1806, when it passed into the hands of Messrs. Daniel Greenleaf & Co. It was considerably enlarged in size by them, and much improved in its general appearance. The name of the publishing firm was, a
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. $7
few weeks later, changed to Greenleaf & Mills, the firm consisting of Daniel Greenleaf and Samuel Mills. The partnership between them, however, was dissolved in October of the same year ( 1 806) ; and the Sentiml, with its printing establishment, became the sole property of Mr. Mills. It con- tinued under his proprietorship until January i, 1818, when he retired from the printing business, having sold out his interest in it to his brothers, Ephraim and Thomas Mills. The Messrs £. & T. Mills remained the pub- lishers of the *S?/i/r>i^/ until January i, 1835, when they sold it to Mr. Nahum Stone. After publishing the paper about two years, Mr. Stone sold his in terest to Sylvanus Parsons, who retained it only about one year, then sold it to Azro Bishop. Bishop retained the proprietorship of the paper some two years, then sold out his interest to Dana Winslow. Winslow continued its publication about three years, then sold it to George Howard Paul, who published it several years. Not being fortunate, however, in his pecuniary affairs, Mr. Paul failed, and his property, including the Sentinel establish- ment, passed into the hands of an assignee, by whom the paper was sold to John G. Saxe, Esq. This was in the year 1851. Mr. Sax continued to pub- lish it until 1855, when he in turn sold out to Douglas A. Danforth, who continued the sole proprietor of it for several years. During the latter part of 1859, he sold a half of his interest in the paper, and the large job printing establishment connected with it, to E. Marvin Smalley ; and it was published by them, under the firm name of Danforth & Smalley, during the year i860, and until March, 1861. Mr. Smalley then sold his interest in it to William Henry Hoyt, who also, a few weeks later, purchased from Mr. Danforth his interest in it, and thus became its sole proprietor. On October I, 1861, the firm was changed to W. H. & C. A. Hoyt & Co., who in turn sold the property to William Eaton. Mr. Eaton continued the publication until 1868, when it was discontinued. In 187 1, it was recommenced by Harry C. Fay, and continued by him one year, when it was sold to Albion N. Merchant, of Champlain, N. Y., in June, 1872. Mr. Merchant removed the paper from Burlington, changing the naftie to Burlington Democrat, and it was issued as such for a time from Providence, R I., and finally changed to the Rhode Island Democrat, and as such is still published.
Thf Burlington Gazette, a weekly, published by Hinckley & Fish, was com- menced September 9, 1814, and continued until February, 181 7.
754^ Repertory was next commenced, a weekly, published by Jeduthan Spooner, its first issue appearing October i, 1821, and was continued but a short time.
Burlington Free Press was first issued June 15, 1827, by Luman Foote. Its establishment met with great favor in the community, and being con- ducted with great ability, it soon became one of the most influential papers in the State, a position it still continues to maintain. Mr. Foote continued its publication alone, till the latter part of February, 1828, when Henry B. Stacy, who had had the practical business of printing the paper under his charge
58 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
almost from the issue of its first number, became associated with Mr. Foote as editor and proprietor. By them jointly it was edited and published till January, 1833, when Mr. Stacy became sole editor and proprietor, and so re- mained till July, 1846. At that time DeWitt C. Clarke became its owner and editor. From the commencement of the paper until April, 1848, the Bur- lington Free Press had appeared only as a weekly sheet ; but at that time, telegraph connections having been formed between Burlington and New York, by the way of Troy, Mr. Clarke started a daily paper entitled the Daily Free Press, which was issued as well as the weekly. On the first of April, 1853, the Free Press was purchased by Messrs. George W. and George G. Benedict, who enlarged and greatly improved both weekly and daily. In July, 1868, it was transferred to the Free Press Association, and issued as a morning and evening paper, and in January, 1869, the Times, a morning paper, was united with it, and the name changed to THE DAILY FREE PRESS AND TIMES.
The Iris and Burlington Literary Gazette was commenced by Worth & Foster, in 1828, and continued about one year.
The Green Mountain Repository was published by C. Goodrich, during the year 1832, and by Z. Thompson, in 1833. It was issued monthly, at $1.25 per year.
The Green Mountain Boy was commenced by Richards & Co., in Decem- ber, 1834, and continued by them until March, 1835.
La Canadien Patriot, by , was published a short time in 1839.
The Milton Herald, published at Milton, Vt, was commenced in 1843, and continued until 1845 ^^ 1846.
The True Democrat was commenced in 1843, by Nathan Haswell, and suspended after a short time.
The Liberty Gazette, published by C. C. Briggs, was started in July, 1846. In 1848, it was taken by E. A. Stansbury and L. E. Chittenden, who changed its title to the Free Soil Courier and lAberty Gazette, and continued it un- til 1 85 1, or 1852, when it ceased to exist.
The Liberty Herald, by , was commenced in 1846, and continued
only a short time.
The Burlington Courier ytzs commenced by E. A. Stansbury, in June, 1848, and continued by him until June 24, 1852, when it was taken by Guy C. Sampson, who run it until 1854, when it was discontinued.
Vermont State Agriculturist, by Casper T. Hopkins and D. W. C. Clarke, was commenced July i, 1848, and continued about two years.
The Commercial Register was commenced in 185 1, by Nichols & Warren, and published about two years.
The Crystal Fount, a temperance paper, was started by James Frame, in 1852, though but one issue was ever printed.
Burlington Times, daily and weekly, was commenced by D. W. C. Clarke, May 18, 1858, and continued by him till October 10, i860, when it was
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 59
transferred to Bigelow & Ward. Mr. Ward withdrew from the firm, January 19, 1861, and Bigelow continued the paper until 1869, when it was united with the Burlington Free Press to form THE DAILY FREE PRESS AND TIMES.
The Vermont Watchman^ a weekly, was commenced by Capt. John Loner- gan in 1868, and continued through two or three issues.
The Independent^ by A. N. Merchant, was started in 1871, and continued a short time.
Home Hours ^ a monthly published by Benedict & Co., in 1872, was con- tinued but a short time.
The Souvenier, monthly, was commenced by A. N. Merchant, in 1873, ^^^ continued a short time.
Vermont Medical Journal^ bi-monthly, by J. M. Currier, was issued a short time, beginning in 1873.
Vermont Statesman^ by Charles Pomeroy Button, was commenced in 1873, and run about three months.
Archives of Science, a quarterly, was commenced by J. M. Currier, in 1874, and continued a short time.
THE BURLINGTON CLIPPER, a weekly, was commenced by C. S. Kinsley, March 26,1874, and is still continued by him, a lively, energetic publi- cation, rapidly increasing in popularity.
The Witness a monthly, published at Winooski village, by Wilson Bros., was commenced in 1875, and continued about two years.
The Vermont National, commenced in 1875, was published only a short time, by the National Publishing Co.
The Burlington Review was commenced by H. W. Love, in 1878, as a weekly, and he soon after established a branch paper in Rutland, where the Review was published until a short time since, and where he still issues the Rut- land Review,
The Sunday Crucible, a weekly, was started by R. E. Chase & Co., May 25, 1879, and continued until July 27, when it was changed to the Vermont National, and published by Pratt & Chase, from August ist, until December 26th, when it was discontinued.
THE VERMONT AUTOGRAPH AND REMARKER.— This paper may perhaps not be worthy of mention except as a curiosity. It is a small sheet, with a limited circulation, printed with a pen, by James Johns, of Huntington. It has been issued from time to time for many years, and its files contain much valuable historical matter.
So far as we have been able to learn, this forms a complete list of all the newspapers ever published in the county. All of them, unless especially mentioned as otherwise, were published and printed at Burlington.
60 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
ABORIGINAL OCCUPANCY.
The territory embraced within the present limits of Vermont, previous to any settlement by Europeans, was claimed as a hunting-ground by several tribes of Indians who were hostile to each other, consequently it was often the scene of their savage wars, and constant invasion prevented its being made their permanent home. Indeed, it was Champlain's nominal purpose to help the Canadian Indians in their war with those in the region of the lake, that first brought him upon its water.
The Iroquois, or Five Nations, was a powerful confederacy composed of several tribes of Indians, who had planted themselves in Western New York, on the shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and were the inveterate enemies of the Canadian Indians. Champlain started from Quebec with about one hun- dred of the Canadian Indians, in 1609, and proceeded up the lake to the vicinity of Crown Point, where, on the western shore, as they had expected, they met a large party of Iroquois, who defied them. But, when Champlain, at a single fire of his arquebus, killed two chiefs and mortally wounded another, and another Frenchman fired from another quarter, they fled in alarm, ending the first battle fought on Lake Champlain.
The origin of the Indian cannot be determined by history, nor will calcu- lation ever arrive at a probable certainty. Some writers have declared that they were indigenous, whilst others maintain the opinion of their migration ; and both classes, with perhaps a few exceptions, consider them the extreme of human depravity, and outcasts of the world. Now, while we do not dis- pute this sentiment entirely, let us, in justice, glance at the other side of the question. Criminations have been thrown upon them, they have been driven from their possessions, then in turn driven from others they had obtained, and thus, over and over again, the quietness of their dwellings has been interrupted by insolent invaders. But above all, dissipation, introduced among them by their civilized neighbors, has plunged them still deeper into HTetchedness and barbarity. They are human beings, fashioned, like you and I, in the " image of their Creator." Might they not, then, had other treatment and circum- stances been brought to bear, be other than the degraded people they now are?
A branch of the Abenaquis tribe of Indians were the aboriginal occupants of this section of the country, previous to its settlement by the whites ; and, indeed, they lingered upon their rightful soil, at the mouth of the Lamoille River, and thence north along the Missisquoi Bay, for a long while after the French and English had taken possession and commenced the settlement of the country to the north and south of them. Still, as we have stated before, neither this nor any other locality in the State, seems to have been the red man's permanent home ; at least not within historic times. But Vermont was rather a territory to which all laid claim, and was used in common as a hunting, fishing, and battle ground, by the St. Francis tribe on the north, their principal settlement being at Montreal, or Hockhelaga, as it was then called ;
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 6 1
the Narraganset on the east, their principal settlement on the Merrimac River, N. H.; the Pepuquoits on the south, inhabiting the northwestern part of Con- necticut; and the Iroquois, or Mohawks, as they were commonly called, on the southwest, their principal settlement being at Schenectady, on the Mo- hawk River, N. Y.
In several localities throughout the county, however, there has been found indubitable proof that the Indians have, at some period, resided here in con- siderable numbers, and for many years. In Shelburne, on the eastern side of the mouth of the river, a field of about twenty-five acres was found by the early settlers, which showed undoubted evidences of having been cleared and cultivated for a length of time, as there were no stumps of the original tim- ber. This clearing was in a square form, and had a heavy growth of the original timber on all sides, and two large trees of the original growth left standing in the center. There were numerous heaps or piles of stones on the. field, which must have been carried there, probably for camp fires, as there were no stones in the soil This clearing was evidently abandoned by the sav- ages a number of years before any settlement was made by the whites, as it was covered with a thick growth of small trees, unlike the surrounding timber, apparently of about thirty years growth. Arrow heads, flints, and other articles were also found in large numbers, which was conclusive evidence of its having been occupied by savages for many years.
Near the mouth of the Lamoille River, in Colchester, also was found the remains of an Indian encampment and burial place, together with a large mound, where the skeletons and bones of the race, buried in their usual sit- ting posture, were exhumed, and numerous arrow heads and other Indian relics found, among which was the famous ** Indian urn," found by Capt. John Johnson^ in 1825. This urn, which is now in the museum of the Uni- versity of Vermont, is about eight inches in height, and will hold about four quarts, is highly ornamented, and shows a considerable degree of skill in pot- tery. Its antiquity is attested by the circumstances in which it was found, it being covered with a flat stone, over which a large tree had grown, and had been so long dead as to be nearly all rotten. A similar vessel, but much larger, was found many years ago in Bolton. But these researches, however interesting they may be to the antiquarian, can only lead to conjecture. The Indian history of Vermont must ever remain as obscure as that which relates to the origin of the race itself.
WHEN FIRST SETTLED BY THE WHITES.
In 1664, as mentioned on page 35, M. de Tracy, then Governor of New France, entered upon his work of erecting a line of fortifications from the mouth of the Sorrel to Lake Champlain, and during the following year ex- tended the works up the lake. There is no direct evidence, but some circum- stances which would seem to indicate that fortifications of some kind were
62 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
erected upon Colchester Point, at, or about this time. When the locality was first settled, at least, it is claimed there were remains of fortifications of some sort, and the ruins of other works and buildings to be found upon the Point Some of these remains are still visible ; and it is represented that when the first settlers came on, they then had the appearance of great antiquity. Upon the old Porter place, an old chimney bottom and the remnants of the walls of some buildings were then there. Various relics, such as leaden bullets, partially decayed materials of iron, and pieces of silver and copper coin, have also been found, all tending towards the theory that during this extension of the old line of fortifications, one was established at this point, though there is no written or traditionarj- account to this effect.
Should this hypothesis be correct, then, the first settlement of Chittenden County dates back to a very remote antiquity. The first English settlers, how- ever, who settled in the territory, were Ira Allen and Remember Baker. They explored the country along the Winooski River, in the fall of 1772, and came into the country to reside the following spring. Baker brought his family with him ; and Allen, being then a single man, resided in the family of Baker, who was his uncle. They made their pitch at the lower falls on the Winooski River, where, as a matter of security against the Yorkers and In- dians, they constructed a block-house or fort, which they christened Fort Frederick, and in which they lived. These were followed by other settlers from time to time, until there were about forty families in the county at the breaking out of the Revolution ; but they left for localities of greater security, however, in 1776, all except Joseph Brown and family, who had settled on Brown's River, in Jericho. The attack on Brown's house, his capture by the Indians, etc., are spoken of in connection with the sketch of that town ; indeed, it is not necessary to speak of the early settlement and settlers at this l>oint only in a general way, as the details are given in the sketches of the various towns wherein they located. Suffice it to say, then, that on the return of peace, in 1783, Stephen Lawrence was the first to return with his family, and during the same year most of the settlers returned to their farms, bring- ing many new settlers with them, who were in turn joined by others, until at the taking of the first census, in 1791, the county had a population of 3,875.
LAND TITLE CONTROVERSY.
Except in the instances already mentioned, no settlement was made within the present limits of the State of Vermont, owing to its distance from the English settlements on the seacoasts, and from the French on the St Law- rence, until 1724. In 1 7 16, however, Massachusetts granted a tract of land, in the southeastern part of the State, containing more than one hundred thous- and acres, upon which, eight years later, the settlement of Fort Dummer was commenced. At this time the fort was supposed to be within the limits and under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; but a controversy soon after
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 63
arose between New Hampshire and Massachusetts, relative to the boundary line between these States, or Provinces, as they then were, which, after a long and tedious struggle, was adjusted, March 5, 1740, when King George II. determined that, "the northern boundary of the province of Massachusetts be, a similar curve line, pursuing the course of the Merrimac River, at three miles distance, on the north side thereof, beginning at the Atlantic Ocean, and ending at a point due north of Pawtucket falls ; and a straight line drawn from thence, due west, until it meets with his Majesty's other governments." This line was run in 1741, and has ever since been admitted as the boundary line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
By this decision, and the establishment of this line^ the government of New Hampshire concluded that their jurisdiction extended as far west as Massachusetts had claimed and exercised, that is, within twenty miles of Hudson River. It was also well known, both in Great Britain and America, that the King had repeatedly recommended to the assembly of New Hamp- shire, to make provision for the support of Fort Dummer ; and Fort Dum- mer was located upon the west side of the river, thus proving that the jurisdic- tion of New Hampshire extended west of the Connecticut ; but how far west had not been particularly inquired into, the twenty mile line from the Hudson being taken for granted, and silently acquiesced in by the King.
The land lying between the Connecticut and New York was the most fer- tile and productive in the State, and it soon began to attract the attention of pioneers. Accordingly, Benning Wentworth, then governor of New Hamp- shire, in 1749, made a grant of a township six miles square, located twenty miles east of Hudson River, and six miles north of the Massachusetts line, to which, in allusion to his own name, he gave the name of Bennington. Dur- ing the following four or five years he made several other grants east of the Connecticut River. But in 1754, the breaking out of hostilities between France and Great Britain put a stop to all these operations, and no other grants were made until after the close of the war. During its progress, how- ever, the New England troops cut a road through from Charlestown, in New Hampshire, to Crown Point, N. Y., and were frequently passing through these lands, and thus many became acquainted with their rare fertility and agricul- tural possibilities. The war was closed in September, 1760, by the taking of Montreal, and the whole of Canada became annexed to Great Britain. Dur- ing the following month King George III. acceded to the throne of England ; and to his obstinacy, bigotry, and perhaps ignorance, is owing the troubles that sprang up between New Hampshire and New York, indirectly leading to the subsequent revolt, in 1775, by which England lost one of the finest countrys upon which the sun ever shone.
Applications for grants were rapidly made to Governor Wentworth, so that in the year 1761, not less than sixty charters were issued, granting as many townships of six miles square, and in two years more the number amounted to one hundred and thirty-eight. The territory began to be known by the
64 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
name of the New Hampshire Grants, and the number of actual settlers soon grew to be quite large. The forests began to disappear, giving place to large fields of grain, and all gave token of a prosperous, happy future. But a dark day dawned upon this peaceful scene. A proclamation was issued by Gov. Golden, of New York, April lo, 1765, giving a copy of an order issued by George III., in council July 20, 1764, stating that '*the western bank of the Connecticut should thereafter be regarded as the eastern boundary of New York," and notifying his Majesty's subjects to govern themselves accordingly.
This had been brought about by the jealousy and cupidity of New York, who had just awakened to a knowledge of the richness of the territory. Their whole claim was based upon an old charter issued by Charles II., in 1664, making an extraordinary grant to his brother, the Duke of York, containing, among other parts of America, " all the lands from the west of the Connecti- cut River to the east side of Delaware Bay." This grant was entirely incon- sistent with the previous charters, which had been granted to Massachusetts and Connecticut, and neither of them had ever admitted it to have any effect, with regard to the lands which they had settled, or claimed to the west of the said river.
Although the settlers of the grants were alarmed and displeased at this change, they had no idea it would amount to more than a change of juris- diction, and supposed their titles to lands would be perfectly secure. But, ere long, new grantees began to appear, with charters issued by the authori- ties of New York, who ousted, or attempted to, the original grantees. But in this they found a difficult task. The settlers of Vermont were a bold, hardy people, law-abiding, but ix>ssessing a peculiarly acute sense of jus- tice, and sturdy in defending their rights. Their allegience to King George III. soon became merely nominal, as they obeyed only the mandates of their own conventions and town meetings. The New York claimants would come on, present their claims, and oust those already occupying the land, if possi- ble, while they in turn would be driven off by the settlers, leading to much violence and outrage on both sides. One party was called " land pirates " and " land thieves," while the people of the grants were, in turn, stigmatized as "rebels" and "outlaws."
In these scenes of violence and opposition, Ethan Allen placed himself at the head of the settlers of the Grants. Bold, enterprising, and ambirious, wielding the pen and the sword with almost equal facility, though rash and indiscreet, withal, he soon made himself and his " Green Mountain Boys " a foe whom the Yorkers learned to respect, in point of arms at least. His grave, marked by that tall Tuscan shaft in a Burlington cemetery, is now visited by hundreds each year, who thus pay their tribute of respect to the memor}- of the bold, patriotic, yet rough mountain hero. Associated with Allen were Seth Warner and Remember Baker, in courage and braver}' not a whit behind their leader. Baker has already been spoken of as one of the first settlers of this county, coming here with his uncle, Col. Ira Allen. His useful life was
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 6S
unfortunately brought to a sad end, during the early part of the Revolution,
while in a skirmish with Indians near St. John, in August, 1775. Warner
was cool, firm, steady, resolute, and fully determined that the laws of New
York, respecting the settlers, never should be carried into execution. At
the beginning of the trouble, when an officer came to take him as a rioter*
he considered it as an affair of open hostility, and defended himself, attacked,
wounded and disarmed the officer, but, with the spirit of a soldier, spared
his life.
We will relate one instance to show something of the spirit of the times :
A Scotchman, by the name of Will Cockbum, was sent out by New York
parties to survey their claims, and from the following extracts from a letter
written to his employers, in 177 1, it would seem that he at least met with
difficulties: —
Albany, September 10, 1771.
" Sir : — ♦ » » ♦ • After being the second time stopped in Sodal- borough, by James Mead and Asa Johnson, in behalf of the settlers in Rut- land and Pittsford, I have run out lots from the south bounds to within about two miles of the Great Falls [Southerland Falls, on Otter Creek]. I found it in vain to persist any longer, as they were resolved at all events to stop us. There have been many threats pronounced against me. Gideon Conley, who lives by the Great Falls, was to shoot me, * ♦ » * » ^nd your acquaintance Nathan [Ethan] Allen, was in the woods with another party blacked and dressed like Indians, as I was informed. Several of my men can prove Townsend and Train threatened my life, that I should never return home, etc »****♦
''The people of Durham [now Clarendon] assured me these men intended to murder us if we did not go from thence, and advised me by all means to desist surveying. » » * » * * j found I would not be allowed to go northward, as they suspected I would begin again, and therefore intended to convey us to Danby and so on to the southward, and by all accounts we should not have been very kindly treated. I was advised by no means to go that road. ****** On my assuring them I would survey no more in those parts, we were permitted to proceed along the Crown Point road, with the hearty prayers of the women, as we passed, never to re- turn. *♦***♦
" I have not been able to fix Kier's location, and Danby people have been continually on the watch always. ***•*♦ Since I have been here, several have visited me, asking questions, no doubt to be able to know us, should we venture within their territories, and at the same time warning us of the danger, should we be found there. Marsh's survey is likewise un- done, as I did not care to venture myself that way. I shall be able to inform you more particularly at our meeting, and am,
" Sir, your most obedient servant,
Will Cockburn.
•* James Duane, New York."
Cockbum was the second time stopped by Mead and Johnson, at Rutland, and by other parties threatened with death, and their threats appear to have prevented him from making further attempts under the patent of Social- borough. The next summer, however, he was found, with a number of his
66 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
assistants, in this county, at Bolton, and was arrested by Remember Baker, ,Seth Warner, and others, who, after breaking his compass and chain, took him and his party to Castleton for trial before a court of the settlers, where he was finally released.
" Beech sealing" was a favorite mode of punishment awarded the obnoxious New York officials. This consisted of tying the victim to a tree and admin- istering a certain number of lashes >\'ith a beech gad. The last chastisement of this sort was inflicted on one Benjamin Hough, who occupied land under the odious title of SociallK)rough. and for a long time had been looked upon with disfavor by the Green Mountain Boys ; but at last he was invested by New York with the power of a magistrate, and attempted the duties of his office. He was subsequently formally served ^"ith a copy of a resolution of the convention at Manchester, on April 12 and 13, 1774, certified by Jonas Fay, clerk, by which it was declared that whoever should, in the then situa- tion of affairs. " until his majesty's pleasure in the premises should be further known," presume to take a commission of the peace from the New York govern- ment, should " be deemed an enemy to their country and the common cause." He was also verbally warned to desist from the further exercise of his official authority, and threatened with punishment if he persisted. To these warn- ings he paid no heed, but continued as active and troublesome as ever. The indignation against him became very great, and it was resolved to make such an example of him as would not only efl'ectually silence him. but deter others from the commission of like offences. He was accordingly seized by a body of his neighbors, placed in a sleigh, and carried about thirty miles, to Sunder- land, where he was kept for three days under strict guard, until Monday, January 30. 1775. when, the leading Green Mountain Boys being as.sembled, he was brought to trial, the coun appointed for the purpose consisting of Ethan Allen. Seth Warner, Robert Cochrah, Peieg Sunderland. James Mead. Gideon Warren, and Jesse Sawyer. His judges being seated, he was put upon his defence, which being held insufficient, he was found guilty and sen- tenced ** to be tied to a tree and receive two hundred lashes on the naked back, and then as soon as he should be able, should depart the New Hamp- shire Grants and not return again till his majesty's pleasure should be known in the premises, on pain of receiving five hundred lashes." This sentence was read to him from a paper by Allen, and was immediately put into execu- tion, after which he was given a pass to depart to New York, which read as
follows : —
•* SuNDtkLAND, Januar> 3, 1775.
**This may certify to the inhabitants of the New Hampshire Grants, that Ben- jamin Hough hath this day received full punishment for his crimes committed heretofore against this country, and our inhabitants are ordered to give him the said Huff free and unmolested passport towards the city of New York, or the westward of our grants, he behaving as becometh. Given under our hands the day and date aforesaid.
Kthan Allln.
Skth Warner."
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 67
Thus the people of the Grants struggled on until the breaking out of the Revolution, when the greater and common trouble consumed the lesser. On the 24th and 25th of September, 1776, one of the conventions of the Green Mountain Boys was held at the house of Cephas Kent, in Dorset, at which it was resolved " to take suitable measures as soon as may be, to declare the New Hampshire Grants a separate district. This was the germ which soon expanded and grew into the free and independent State of Vermont — the only State in the Union, except Texas, which was admitted by petition of her people. The delegates to this convention from Chittenden County were Col. Thomas Chittenden, of Williston, after whom the county was named, and who subsequently became Vermont's first governor, and Lieut. Ira Allen, of Colchester. The close of the war found Vermont an independent State, to which Yew York relinquished all right and title upon payment of $30,000. Thus ended " the trials that tried men's souls" — trials which nerved the Green Mountain Boys to declare and maintain their independence, and to emerge a free and sovereign State.
REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
The end of the long struggle between England and France had arrived — a glohous end for the British lion. Spain had paid for her indiscretion by dis- gorging the beautiful island of Cuba, which was exchanged for the present State of Florida. It would seem, then, that covered with glory, enriched by the addition to her territory of Canada and Florida, England would feel com- pensated for the debt she had incurred. But it was directly the opposite. No sooner was peace declared than she determined to get back from her Ameri- can possessions what she had expended in defending them. Accordingly we find the history of the next' twelve years, from the treaty of peace in 1763 to 1775, * continuous narrative of unwise, ungenerous attempts on the part of the mother country to increase her revenues at the expense of her col- onies, and on the part of the colonies, of spirited and united resistance to these attempts.
The colonies would willingly have borne part of the load, had they been allowed a voice in laying the duties or taxes to be imposed. But they in- sisted that taxation without representation was an infringement on the rights of freemen ; that the power to tax them should be vested in their own col- onial assemblies, — or that, if Parliament were to exercise it, they should be represented in Parliament. To the folly of George III., then, strengthened by the tyranny of the British Parliament, who, in his name, allowed his lands to be granted twice over, and the first grantees to be persecuted as felons and outlaws ; who would do nothing for his people in America without being exhorbitantly paid ; by the pas^ge of the notorious Stamp Act, in 1765, and the Boston Port Bill, in 1774, is owing to the estrangement and revolt in 1775, which took practical development at Lexington, at Bunker Hill, at Bos-
68 CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
ton, in the expedition of Arnold through the wilds of Maine, in the taking of Ticonderoga, and in the co-operation of Montgomery, by the way of Lake Champlain, Montreal and St. Lawrence, with Arnold under the frowning walls of Quebec.
The people of the New Hampshire Grants, as may well be supposed, entered with and especially hearty zeal into this contest for American Inde- pendence. Their schooling had been such as to render them an exceedingly undesirable foe to meet A large proportion of the settlers had served in the French and Indian war, and during the twelve or fifteen years that intervened had been almost continuously at strife with New York, leading to a feeling of deadly hatred against King George and the British Parliament. It is not strange, then, that the Green Mountain Boys were soon both feared and re- spected by their adversaries. The few who had settled in Chittenden County, left, as previously mentioned, on the approach of Burg03me ; no battle was fought within its limits, and except one or two incursions by Indians and Tories, no blood was shed (see sketches of Colchester and Shelbume). But subsequent to the war, the Green Mountain Boy's leader and idol, Ethan Allen, made his home here, therefore it is proper to give the events that occurred in its immediate vicinity, more than a passing notice, though they constitute no part of its local history, and are, withal, well known subjects of general history.
Haldibrand, the governor of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, had announced to the government, in 1773, that the fort at Crown Point "was entirely de- stroyed," and that Ticonderoga was in a " ruinous condition," and that both " could not cover fifty men in winter." The appeal to arms, which in April, ^775i ^^^ sounded from the plains of Lexington, seems to have suggested, simultaneously, to various patrotic indiWduals in the colonies, the idea of capturing these important fortresses in their dilapidated and exposed con- dition. Members of the provincial legislature of Connecticut, on their own individual responsibility, raised funds to effect this object, and appointed a committee to proceed to the scene, and to attempt the execution of the plan. In the county of Berkshire a small force was collected, but at Bennington the fearless spirit and powerful influence of Ethan Allen was enlisted in the enterprise. An intrepid band of two hundred and seventy volunteers, all of whom except forty belonged to the Green Mountains, were collected at Cas- tleton, Rutland County, on the 7th of May. At this moment Benedict Arnold, invested with plenary powers from the Ma.ssachusetts committee of safety to accomplish the same object, appeared on the scene, and claimed the command of the expedition. A contest ensued which threatened to defeat the whole design, but was terminated by the troops refusing to proceed except under the leadership of Allen, their tried and cherished leader. Arnold was constrained to yield, and joined the force as ah aid to the commander. The garrison of Ticonderoga was slumbering in profound security. To procure means of crossing the lake, Col. Herrick had been sent to Skeensboro, and Remem-
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 69
ber Baker was to join them with boats from Otter Creek ; but when the troops reached Shoreham, neither had appeared Seizing such vessels as could be procured, Allen boldly decided to cross. The landing was effected at a little cove, a mile north of the fort. When the morning dawned only eighty-three men had reached the western shore ; yet Allen, knowing how much delay would imperil the issue, decided to advance at once to the assault. The story need not be repeated The fortress, which had cost so much blood and treasure, was won by the little band in a bloodless triumph, ''in the name of Jehovah and the Continental Congress," on the loth of May, 1775.
Warner arrived soon after the place surrendered, and taking command of a party, set off for the reduction of Crown Ppint, which was garrisoned only by a sergeant and twelve men. They surrendered upon the first summons, and Warner took possession of the fort. Skeensboro was also taken, the same day, by another party, and Maj. Skeene made prisoner. Allen and Arnold started soon after for St. Johns, where an armed sloop was lying, Arnold in command of a schooner, and Allen in command of a batteaux. They both set out together upon the expedition, but a fresh wind springing up from the south, the schooner outsailed the batteaux, and Arnold soon ar- rived at St. Johns, where he surprised and captured the sloop. The wind immediately shifting to the north, Arnold set sail with his prize, and met Allen with his batteaux at some distance from St Johns. Thus in the course of a few days, and by a few daring individuals, was Lake Champlain and its important fortresses secured to the Americans.
On the 2 1 St of August, Montgomery set out for Canada. The rest is well known — Montgomery's triumph, until he reached Quebec, where reverses met him and one-half the American forces slain, among them the gallant officer himself, December 31, 1775, followed by the subsequent retreat of the Ameri- cans from Canada, and the apprehended advance of Carlton, spreading uni- versal consternation and panic among the settlers in the environs of the lake.
After their retreat from Canada, the American army evacuated Crown Point, burned all the erections, destroyed all the public property that could not be carried with them, and gathered at Ticonderoga. A large and well appointed British army was concentrated at St. Johns, who, to effect a suc- cessful advance, found it was necessary to secure a naval preponderance upon the lake. Six vessels of a large class, which had been constructed in England, were taken apart at the foot of the rapids on the Sorel, the materials transported to St. Johns, and there rebuilt in the summer of 1776. Other vessels of various dimensions were also constructed with the utmost celerity. By these energetic efforts a fleet of thirty-one vessels, and carrying in their armament from one to eighteen guns, was prepared for active service on the I St of October of that year. This fleet was navigated by seven hundred vete- ran seamen, and armed by a heavy corps of artillery.
Congress was not insensible to the vital emergency of the occasion, but
JO CHITTENDEN COUNTY.
possessed means totally inadequate for the magnitude of the crisis. The timber required for the construction of a flotilla was yet standing in the forest, and was to be cut, prepared and transported, to the ship-yard at Ticonderoga, almost unaided by the appliances of art or mechanism. Its equipments were to be conveyed a long distance, over roads new and almost impracticable. The ship carpenters who must construct the vessels were employed in urgent duties in the navy-yards upon the coasts. Stimulated rather than oppressed by all these adverse combinations, the energies of Arnold created and equipped a flotilla of fifteen vessels, with an aggregate battery of fifty-five guns, and manned by three hundred and fifty gallant and resolute men, but nearly all of whom were totally inexperienced in naval expeditions. The exigency invoked heroism and sacrifices, and notwithstanding the great disparity in every ele- ment of strength, .Arnold fearlessly threw his little armament across the path of the invaders. The fleets met on the nth of October, in a narrow strait between Valcour Island and the mainland. During four hours the conflict continued with terrific fur)-, and was ennobled by deeds of heroic and exalted daring, unsurpassed in the annals of naval warfare. Arnold, levelling almost every gun in own vessel, conducted the battle with the highest skill and the the most determined courage, until night terminated the engagement. One of the British gondolas was sunk, and another, with all its crew of sixty men, was blown up. An American schooner was also sunk and a gondola burnt, while the entire fleet was shattered and disabled. The disproportion in the strength of the fleets was too vast to justify a maintainance of the conflict. Arnold attempted to effect an escape to Crown Point, by boldly passing through the British fleet under cover of a dark and foggy night His retreat was revealed to the vigilant enemy by the earliest dawn, and a prompt pur- suit ensued.
A solitary rock which stands in the broad lake, in the early gloom was mistaken by the British for an American vessel, and a cannonade was opened upon it. It is still called " Carleton's prize." Arnold was overtaken near Otter Creek, and sustained for another four hours, with his single galley, and and five gondolas, a bloody combat with the British fleet, in protecting the retreat of the remainder of his flotilla and crew from becoming trophies to the enemy, he ran the vessels upon the shore and blew them up. Their charred wrecks for many years remained upon the beach at Panton, memo- rials of the bravery and gallant deeds of he whose name was afterwards con- signed to infamy, and whose wretched after life was closed by death in the garret of a London tenement.
Next came the invasion of Burgoyne, the evacuation of Ticonderoga, in 1777, followed by the subsequent battles of Hubbardton and Bennington, and the final surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, October 19, 1781, virtually ending the war. The settlers who had been driven off began to return, and the trader's sloop soon was passing up and down the lake, intent upon their peaceful avocations, over the very course taken by Arnold when pursued by the British at the memorable battle of Lake Champlain.
CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 7 1
WAR OF i8i2.
The yoke of the mother country having been thrown off, the American colonies rapidly advanced in progress. Vermont expanded into a free and independent State, and finally was annexed to the Union, March 4, 1791. In the meantime, the French nation, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, had arrived at the zenith of military glory, and was giving England great cause for fear and trembling. England, in turn, seeming to forget that her offspring had ar- rived at maturity and was quite able to protect its own institutions, continued her acts of tyranny. Looking upon herself as mistress of the ocean, during her wars with Napoleon, she utterly disregarded the rights of the United States as a neutral nation. Her cruisers would stop and search American vessels, and seize such able-bodied seamen as were needed, on the pretext that they were British subjects. An American frigate, not in condition to resist, having been subjected to this indignity almost within sight of an American port, after receiving several broadsides for denying the right of search, the Presi- dent issued a proclamation ordering all British ships-of-war to quit the waters of the United States. Congress also laid an embargo on American vessels, detaining them at home, but afterward substituted a non-intercourse act, prohibiting trade with Great Britain. All intercourse between this State and the people of Canada was prohibited, without a permit from the Governor, under a penalty of $1,000 fine and imprisonment at hard labor in the State penitentiary for the term of seven years.
Notwithstanding all this, England persisted in her offensive course. All hopes of obtaining consessions on the impressment question from her were at length abandoned. George III., who was still on the throne, had become insane, and the men who managed affairs were as short-sighted as his ad- visers had been forty years before, whose folly had provoked the Revolution. Longer submission to their arrogant claims was deemed unworthy of a free nation, and war was formally declared by the United States, June 18, 181 2.
The majority of the people of Vermont considered the declaration of war rash and imprudent, believing that the required issue could have been brought about by legislation ; but notwithstanding this feeling, the general assembly of the State passed the following resolution : —
" The constituted authorities of our country having declared war between the United States and Great Britain and her